1. Introduction to the Human Body

2. Anatomy “tome” means to cut in Greek
Describes the structures of the body:
what they are made of
where they are located
associated structures

3. All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures
Principle of complementarity says that structure and function are complementary
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form

4. Key to anatomy is understanding function
For example:
Left side of heart is larger than right.
Why is that?
Structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) are intimately related

5. Gross Anatomy
Structures large enough that one can see with the unaided eye
Surface Anatomy - study of superficial markings
Regional Anatomy - The study of specific areas of the body (e.g. head, trunk)
Systemic Anatomy - Study of the 11 specific organ systems

6. Microscopic Anatomy
Involves studying anatomical structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye
Cytology - cells
Histology - tissue

7. Levels of Organization
Chemical Level: - atoms (e.g. carbon) combine to form molecules (e.g. glucose)
Cellular level:
Smallest living units in organisms
Cells contain organelles, each with a function
Tissue level - different groups of cells that perform a function
Organ Level - Different types of tissues that perform a common function
Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together

8. Levels of Structural Organization1 2 4 5 6 3
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
Heart
Blood
vessels
Connective
vessel
(organ)
Cardiovascular
system
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that
work together closely.
Organismal level
The human organism
is made up of many
organ systems.
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.

9. 11 Organ systems Integumentary Nervous Skeletal Endocrine Muscular
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Urinary
Respiratory
Reproductive
Digestive

10. Body systems: 1-INTEGUMENTARY
ORGANS
Skin
FUNCTIONS
Waterproofs, cushions, protects deeper tissue
Excretes salts, pain, pressure
Regulates body temp, synthesize vitamin D

11. 2-SKELETAL ORGANS Bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints FUNCTIONS
Protects & supports body organs
Framework for muscles & movement
Store minerals

12. 3- MUSCULAR ORGANS Skeletal muscle (attached to bone) FUNCTIONS
Contraction & mobility (locomotion)
Facial expression, posture
Produce body heat

13. 4- NERVOUS
ORGANS
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory receptors
FUNCTIONS
Fast-acting central control system
Responds to external/internal stimuli via nerve impulses (electrical messages)

14. 5- ENDOCRINE
ORGANS
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes…...
FUNCTIONS
Slow-acting control system
Glands produce hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism…..

15. 6- Circulatory ORGANS Heart, blood vessels, capillaries &blood
FUNCTIONS
Carries O2 nutrients, hormones, & other substances to and from tissue cells
White blood cells protect against bacteria, toxins, tumors

16. 7- LYMPHATIC ORGANS Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
FUNCTIONS
Complements circulatory system by returning leaked fluid back to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood; involved in immunity

17. 8- RESPIRATORY
ORGANS
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs
FUNCTIONS
Keeps blood supplied with O2 & removes CO2
Carries out gas exchanges through air sacs in lungs

18. 9- DIGESTIVE
ORGANS
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus (liver & pancreas)
FUNCTIONS
Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood; indigestible food eliminated as feces

19. 10- URINARY (EXCRETORY) ORGANS
Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
FUNCTIONS
Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body (urea & uric acid)
Regulates water, electrolytes, & acid-base balance of the blood

20. 11- REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Male
Seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum
Female
Ovaries, mammary glands, uterus, vagina, uterine tube
FUNCTIONS
Primary function for both sexes is to produce offspring
Male – testes produce sperm & male sex hormones
Female – ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones; mammary glands for nourishment

21. Anatomical terms

22. Anatomical Position Standing erect Feet parallel
Arms hanging at the sides
Palms facing forward

23. Anatomical Position
Hands at sides, palms forward

24. Orientation of terms
Note that Left/Right are reversed in anatomical figures
WHY?

25. Directional terms
Superior (cranial) – toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above
Inferior – away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body; below
Anterior (ventral) – toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Posterior (dorsal) – toward or at the backside of the body; behind
Medial – toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral – away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

26. Proximal – close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
Distal – farther from the origin of a body or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
Superficial (external) – toward or at the body surface.
Deep (internal) – away from the body surface; more internal.

27. The navel is --------------to the breastbone
The heart is to the breastbone
The arms are to the chest
The elbow is to the wrist
The skin is to the skeleton
The forehead is to the nose
The breastbone is to the spine
The heart is to the arm
The armpit is between the breastbone and the shoulder
The knee is to the thigh
The lungs are to the rib cage

28. Examples:
The navel is inferior to the breastbone
The heart is posterior to the breastbone
The arms are lateral to the chest
The elbow is proximal to the wrist
The skin is superficial to the skeleton
The forehead is superior to the nose
The breastbone is anterior to the spine
The heart is medial to the arm
The knee is distal to the thigh
The lungs are deep to the rib cage

29. Body planes and sections
A section is a cut made along a plane
Sagittal – cut made along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body dividing it into left and right parts
Midsagittal (median) plane – right and left parts are of equal size
Frontal (coronal) plane – cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse plane (cross section) – cut made along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

30. Planes Sagittal Plane – divides body into right and left parts.
Midsagittal =median plane –divides body into two equal halves.

31. Planes
Frontal = coronal plane – divides body into anterior and posterior parts

32. Planes Transverse plane = cross
Section= horizontal section divides into upper and lower parts

33. Body planes and sections
- cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane
(also called coronal)
(also called XS – cross section)

34. Anatomical Movements

35. Supine – Lying on your back
Prone – Lying face down

36. Movements: Flexion – decreasing the angle between two joints
Extension – increasing the angle between two joints
Hyperextension – occurs beyond extended position

37. Abduction – moving away from the midline of the body or body part
Adduction – moving toward midline of body or body part

38. Elevation – moving to superior position
Depression – moving to inferior position

39. Supination – rotating forearm laterally
Pronation – rotating forearm medially

40. Inversion – lifting the medial border of the foot
Eversion – lifting the lateral border of the foot

41. Dorsiflexion – moving the top of the foot toward the shin
Plantar flexion – moving the sole of the foot downward (pointing toes)

42. Circumduction – flexion, abduction, extension & adduction in a sequence

43. Rotation – Turning about the vertical axis of the bone