1. Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammad kaleem
Mobile Networks
Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammad kaleem
Computer Engineering Department, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad

2. Text Book
Wireless Communications and Networks, by William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, 2005
This textbook will be followed for most of the course. 
The material on multihop and sensor networks will be taken from research papers,
and other collections.

3. Prerequisites Computer Communications And Networks
Digital Communications

4. Introduction
Chapter 1

5. Wireless Comes of Age
Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896
Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in analog signal
Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
Communications satellites launched in 1960s
Advances in wireless technology
Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication satellites
More recently
Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular technology, ad hoc networks, Sensor networks

6. Broadband Wireless Technology
Higher data rates obtainable with broadband wireless technology
Graphics, video, audio
Shares same advantages of all wireless services: convenience and reduced cost
Service can be deployed faster than fixed service
No cost of cable plant
Service is mobile, deployed almost anywhere

7. Future Generations Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed
Other Tradeoffs:
Rate vs. Coverage
Rate vs. Delay
Rate vs. Cost
Rate vs. Energy
Rate
802.11n 4G
802.11b WLAN 3G 2G
Wimax/3G
2G Cellular
Mobility
Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed

8. Evolution of Current Systems
Wireless systems today
3G Cellular: ~ Kbps.
WLANs: ~450 Mbps (and growing).
Next Generation is in the works
4G Cellular: Likely OFDM/MIMO
4G WLANs: Wide open, 3G just being finalized
Technology Enhancements
Hardware: Better batteries. Better circuits/processors.
Link: Antennas, modulation, coding, adaptivity, DSP, BW.
Network: more efficient resource allocation

9. Anything above and related protocols
Application
Application
Transport
Transport
Network
Network
Network
Network
Data Link
Data Link
Data Link
Data Link
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Medium
Radio
Scope of this course:
Anything above and related protocols

10. Wireless communication systems
Target information systems: “Anytime, Anywhere, Anyform”
Applications: Ubiquitous computing and information access
Market in continuous growth:
35-60% annual growth of PCS (Personal Communications Services)
Number of subscribers:
by 2001: over 700M mobile phones
by 2003: 1 billion wireless subscribers (source Ericsson)
300% growth in wireless data from
Large diversity of standards and products
Confusing terminology

11. Company wise Data is updated on Quarterly Basis
Mobile Subscribers in Pakistan
      
Customers of Mobile Service Providers in Pakistan*
 Year
Mobilink
Ufone
Paktel
Instaphone
Telenor
Warid
Total
Growth Rate
2000
114,272
80,221
112,000
306,493
15.39
2001
309,272
116,711
96,623
220,000
742,606
142.29
2002
800,000
350,000
218,536
330,000
1,698,536
128.73
2003
1,115,000
550,000
319,400
420,000
2,404,400
41.56
2004
3,215,989
801,160
470,021
535,738
5,022,908
108.90
2005
7,469,085
2,579,103
924,486
454,147
835,727
508,655
12,771,203
154.26
Jul-05
Company wise Data is updated on Quarterly Basis
14,119,257
10.56
Aug -05
15,511,045
9.7
More than 15,511,045 subscribers of Cellular Networks
*From Telecom Indicators section of PTA Website

13. Limitations and Difficulties of Wireless Technologies
Wireless is convenient and less expensive
Limitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit wireless technologies
Lack of an industry-wide standard
Device limitations
E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only displaying a few lines of text
E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML

14. Wireless around us… WLAN, DAB, GSM, etc… Personal Travel Assistant,
PDA, Laptop, GSM, cdmaOne,
WLAN, Bluetooth, ...

15. Radio frequency spectrum
Wireless technologies have gradually migrated to higher frequencies

16. Wireless & Mobility Wireless: Mobility: Portability Limited bandwidth
Broadcast medium: requires multiple access schemes
Variable link quality (noise, interference)
High latency, higher jitter
Heterogeneous air interfaces
Security: easier snooping
Mobility:
User location may change with time
Speed of mobile impacts wireless bandwidth
Need mechanism for handoff
Security: easier spoofing
Portability
Limited battery, storage, computing, and GUI

17. Challenges in Mobile Networking
Three major challenges:
Wireless Channel
Mobility
Device Limitation

18. Part One: Background Provides preview and context for rest of book
Covers basic topics
Data Communications
TCP/IP

19. Chapter 2: Transmission Fundamentals
Basic overview of transmission topics
Data communications concepts
Includes techniques of analog and digital data transmission
Channel capacity
Transmission media
Multiplexing

20. Chapter 3: Communication Networks
Comparison of basic communication network technologies
Circuit switching
Packet switching
Frame relay
ATM

21. Chapter 4: Protocols and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Protocol architecture
Overview of TCP/IP
Open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model
Internetworking

22. Part Two: Wireless Communication Technology
Underlying technology of wireless transmission
Encoding of analog and digital data for wireless transmission

23. Chapter 5: Antennas and Propagation
Principles of radio and microwave
Antenna performance
Wireless transmission modes
Fading

24. Chapter 6: Signal Encoding Techniques
Wireless transmission
Analog and digital data
Analog and digital signals

25. Chapter 7: Spread Spectrum
Frequency hopping
Direct sequence spread spectrum
Code division multiple access (CDMA)

26. Chapter 8: Coding and Error Control
Forward error correction (FEC)
Using redundancy for error detection
Automatic repeat request (ARQ) techniques

27. Part Three: Wireless Networking
Examines major types of networks
Satellite-based networks
Cellular networks
Cordless systems
Fixed wireless access schemes
Use of mobile IP and Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) to provide Internet and Web access

28. Chapter 9: Satellite Communications
Geostationary satellites (GEOS)
Low-earth orbiting satellites (LEOS)
Medium-earth orbiting satellites (MEOS)
Capacity allocation

29. Chapter 10: Cellular Wireless Networks
Cellular wireless network design issues
First generation analog (traditional mobile telephony service)
Second generation digital cellular networks
Time-division multiple access (TDMA)
Code-division multiple access (CDMA)
Third generation networks

30. Chapter 11: Cordless Systems and Wireless Local Loop
Wireless local loop (WLL)
Sometimes called radio in the loop (RITL) or fixed wireless access (FWA)

31. Chapter 12: Mobile IP and Wireless Access Protocol
Modifications to IP protocol to accommodate wireless access to Internet
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Provides mobile users access to telephony and information services including Internet and Web
Includes wireless phones, pagers and personal digital assistants (PDAs)

32. Part Four: Wireless Local Area Networks
Examines underlying wireless LAN technology
Examines standardized approaches to local wireless networking

33. Chapter 13: Wireless LAN Technology
Overview of LANs and wireless LAN technology and applications
Transmission techniques of wireless LANs
Spread spectrum
Narrowband microwave
Infrared

34. Chapter 14: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard
Wireless LAN standards defined by IEEE committee

35. Chapter 15: Bluetooth
Bluetooth is an open specification for wireless communication and networking
Personal computers
Mobile phones
Other wireless devices

36. Internet and Web Resources
Web page for this book
WilliamStallings.com/Wireless1e.html
Useful web sites, errata sheet, figures, tables, slides, internet mailing list, wireless courses
Computer Science Student Support Site
WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
Newsgroups
comp.std.wireless
comp.dcom.*