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5.1 Nature of Pollution. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPOrywC0k9I.

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Presentation on theme: "5.1 Nature of Pollution. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPOrywC0k9I."— Presentation transcript:

1 5.1 Nature of Pollution

2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPOrywC0k9I

3 Sub-subtopics 5.1.1 Define the term pollution. 5.1.2 Distinguish between the terms point source pollution and non-point source pollution, and outline the challenges they present for management. 5.1.3 State the major sources of pollutants.

4 5.1.1 Pollution ● “the addition to the biosphere of a substance or an agent (such as heat) by human activity, at a rate greater than that at which it can be rendered harmless by the environment.” – Rutherford, pg. 276

5 3.1.1 Examples of Pollution ● Gases ● CO 2 ? ● Ozone (O 3 )? ● Liquids ● Solids ● Noise ● Light ● Heat

6 5.1.2 Point Source Pollution Pollution from an easily recognizable, single site Chernobyl (26 April, 1986) Bhopal, India (2-3 December, 1984) Tailpipe of a car (multiple point sources can act as a non-point source) Easy to manage/regulate Identifiable source (factory chimney, waste disposal pipe, oil tanker, etc.) Identifiable culprit (factory, house, drilling platform, etc.)

7 5.1.2 Non-point Source Pollution Pollution released from numerous, widely dispersed sites Chemical fertilizers Neighborhoods/cities Runoff Difficult to manage/regulate Who is the culprit? More widespread laws difficult to enforce Air pollution spreads hundreds of kilometers http://lab.visual-logic.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/image.png

8 Sources and Effects http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/aqbasics/images/AQBasicSources.gif

9 5.1.3 Major Pollutants (from Rutherford, table 15.1, pg 277) MAJOR SOURCE POLLUTANTEFFECTS Combustion of fossil fuels ● Carbon dioxide CO 2 ● Sulfur dioxide SO 2 ● Nitrogen oxides NO X ● Photochemical smog ● Carbon monoxide CO ● Greenhouse gas; climate change ● Acid deposition; respiratory problems ● Respiratory infections, eye irritation, smog ● Damages plants, eye irritation, respiratory problems ● Suffocation (binds w/ hemoglobin in red blood cell) Domestic waste ● Organic waste (food & sewage) ● Waste paper ● Plastics (containers & packaging) ● Glass ● Tins ● Eutrophication; water-borne diseases ● Landfill; deforestation ● Landfill; derived from oil ● Manufacturing energy; landfill (recyclable) ● Landfill (recyclable) Industrial waste ● Heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, etc.) ● Fluorides ● Heat ● Lead ● Acids ● Poisoning ● Reduces oxygen solubility (BOD) ● Disabilities in children; poisoning ● Corrosive Agricultural waste ● Nitrates ● Organic waste ● Pesticides ● Eutrophication ● Eutrophication; spread diseases ● Biomagnification; bioaccumulation

10 5.1.3 AIR Pollutants – EU

11 Korea & the U.S. Retrieved on 03-11-2011 from: http://eng.me.go.kr/content.do?meth od=moveContent&menuCode=pol_c ha_air_sta_emi_volume

12 5.1.3 Major Pollutants – AIR INDOOR Retrieved 03-11-2011 from: http://www.ebtron.com/IAQ_Basics/ebtron_IAQ_Basics_Dillution.htm

13 5.1.3 Major Pollutants - WATER Retrieved on 03-11-2011 from: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/images/water/09085l andscape.gif

14 5.1.3 Major Pollutants - LAND Retrieved on 03-11-2011 from: http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/earth/environment/land-pollution.jpg

15 5.2 Detection & Monitoring of Pollution

16 Sub-subtopics 5.2.1 Describe two direct methods of monitoring pollution. 5.2.2 Define the term biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and explain how this indirect method is used to assess pollution levels in water. 5.2.3 Describe and explain an indirect method of measuring pollution levels using a biotic index.

17 5.2.1 Methods of Monitoring Where to start? AIR WATER LAND Retirieved on 01-11-2013 from: http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/images/pictures/health/pollutionhealtheffects.jpg What to do? DIRECT INDIRECT CHANGES Gradients Time periods Transects

18 Particulate Matter (PM) ●Removed by rain Sheets of glue-coated paper with grids for standard amount of time. ●microscope/magnifying lens ●% coverage ●# of specimens Number Size Location Sources of error? 5.2.1 Monitoring AIR Quality

19 Secondary Data Sources: ●Czech Republic - ČHMIČHMI ●EU - AirMonTechAirMonTech ●U.S. - EPAEPA ●China - AQICNAQICN ●India - CPCBCPCB ●Brazil - MMAMMA ●Australia - AGDEAGDE ●South Africa - SAAQISSAAQIS ●Egypt - EEAA-EIMPEEAA-EIMP ●Russia - Norway!? Giant Snails?NorwayGiant Snails What they measure: ●sulfur dioxide ●oxides of nitrogen ●ozone ●VOC’s ●particulate matter (sizes) 5.2.1 Monitoring AIR Quality

20 Soil (edaphic) factors ●physical properties ●chemical properties ●biological properties ●processes ●characteristics No one measure is an indicator: ●texture ●density ●infiltration ●water retention ●organic matter ●mineral content (N, P, K) ●microbial biomass ●soil respiration 5.2.1 Monitoring LAND Quality Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/assessment/images/sq_bucket_contents.jpg

21 5.2.1 Monitoring SOIL Quality Secondary Data Sources: ●World - HWSD and ISRICHWSDISRIC ●Czech Republic - ČPSČPS ●EU - JRC’s LUCASLUCAS ●U.S. - NRCSNRCS ●China - MLRMLR ●India - IISS (for soil types)IISSsoil types ●Russia - VINITIVINITI ●Australia - GRDC and soilquality.orgGRDC soilquality.org ●South Africa - ARC-ISCWARC-ISCW What they measure: ●same as last slide ●degradation/aggradation Retrieved on 01-11-2103 from: http://soilquality.org/images/dynamic_graph.gif

22 Direct Sampling Methods (chemical indicators) ●salinity (probe) ●pH (probe; universal indicator paper) ●temperature (probe) ●Dissolved Oxygen (DO probe) ●wave action ●flow velocity (orange) ●turbidity (secchi disk) ○Total Suspended Solids (TSS) ○Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ●Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ●Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ●nitrates (No 3 - probe; test kit) ●ammonia (NH 3 probe; test kit) ●phosphate (probe; test kit) ●conductivity (probe) 5.2.1 Monitoring WATER Quality Retrieved on 01-11-2013 from: https://encrypted- tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQX- sbuPEpO8r1K7BtWNb8FQlMGso6ZOKnlZAgaIGg_yfEmRGo4Lw

23 5.2.1 Monitoring WATER Quality Secondary Data Sources: ●Czech Republic - ČHMIČHMI ●EU - WISEWISE ●U.S. - NWQMCNWQMC ●China - IPEIPE ●India - CPCB’s NWMPCPCBNWMP ●Russia - VINITIVINITI ●Brazil - ANAANA ●Australia - NWQMSNWQMS ●South Africa - WMSWMS ●Egypt - EMWIS-EGEMWIS-EG What they measure: ●same as last slide ●hardness ●potability Retrieved on 01-11-2013 from: http://ks.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/wrir.00- 4126.cov.ill.jpeg

24 5.2.2 B.O.D. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 ) ●First done in England 1912 ●measures organic pollution in H 2 O (aerobic bacteria & fungus) ●units: mg (O 2 consumed)/L ●usually 5 days incubation at 20 ºC ○68% of BOD exerted after this time ●tests vary 10-20% ●Indirect method Chemical Oxygen Demand Retrieed on 04-11-2013 from: http://www.bre.umd.edu/agtopics/pict/bodpict.gif

25 5.2.2 B.O.D. Steps for measuring Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 ) 1.Sample H 2 O of measured volume 2.Measure the O 2 level (probe) 3.Place sample in a dark, 20 ºC place for 5 days a.Why in the dark? 4.After 5 days, remeasure O 2 5.BOD 5 = (Step 2 - Step 4) / L Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://www.globalw.com/images/products/OxiTop.jpg

26 The greater the organic matter (nutrient load), the greater the BOD 5 number ●sewage ●fertilizer ●runoff ●detergents ●others? Municipal sewage (3-stage process):BOD ~20 mg/L Untreated sewage ●Europe:BOD ~600 mg/L ●U.S.:BOD ~200 mg/L (greater per capita water use) What is ppm? 5.2.2 B.O.D. Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://www.enright.ie/wp- content/uploads/2008/10/bod-levels.jpg

27 Eastern European Sewers Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://wwws4.eea.europa.eu/data-and- maps/figures/changes-in-wastewater-treatment-in-countries-of-europe-between-1980s- and-2005-east-3/csi24_fig5_291008.xls/image_large

28 5.2.2 Nutrients in European Freshwater The greater the organic matter (nutrient load), the greater the BOD 5 number ●sewage ●fertilizer ●runoff ●detergents ●others? Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/freshwater- quality/freshwater-quality-assessment-published-may-2010

29 5.2.3 Biotic Indicators Another indirect method: Indicator Species ●tolerant of organic pollution and/or low O 2 levels ●intolerant of organic pollution and/or low O 2 levels ●More dangerous in summer ○solubility of O 2 as temperature ○warm organic pollutants do the same ●Tubifex vs. mayfly nymph? ●Others: fish, underwater plant life, algae (diatoms), bacteria (fecal coli) Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://www.ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/indicator_species.jpeg

30 5.2.3 Trent Biotic Index Based on disappearances Measures diversity ●Generally, pollution, diversity ○abundance may be high, but low richness ●Maximum value = 10 Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://nationalinsectweek.co.uk/sites/default/files/images/pollutdetect.gif

31 5.2.3 Trent Biotic Index Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://click4biology.info/c4b/D/G4.htm

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