1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 6 Economic Growth: Malthus and Solow

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-2 Chapter 6 Topics Economic growth facts Malthusian model of economic growth Solow growth model Growth accounting

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-3 U.S. Per Capita Income Growth In the United States, growth in per capita income has not strayed far from 2% per year (excepting the Great Depression and World War II) since 1900.

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-4 Figure 6.1 Natural Log of Real Per- Capita Income in the United States, 1869–2005

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-5 Real Per Capita Income and the Investment Rate Across countries, real per capita income and the investment rate are positively correlated.

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-6 Figure 6.2 Real Income Per Capita vs. Investment Rate

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-7 Real per capita income and the rate of population growth Across countries, real per capita income and the population growth rate are negatively correlated.

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-8 Figure 6.3 Real Income Per Capita vs. the Population Growth Rate

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-9 Real per capita income and per capita income growth There is no tendency for rich countries to grow faster than poor countries, and vice-versa. Rich countries are more alike in terms of rates of growth than are poor countries.

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-10 Figure 6.4 Growth Rate in Per Capita Income vs. Real Income Per Capita for the Countries of the World

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-11 A Malthusian Model of Economic Growth Model predicts that a technological advance will just increase population, with no long-run change in the standard of living.

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-12 Equation 6.1: Production Function Output is produced from land and labor inputs.

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-13 Equation 6.2: Evolution of the population Population growth is higher the higher is per- capita consumption.

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-14 Equation 6.3: Equilibrium Condition In equilibrium, consumption equals output produced.

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-15 Equation 6.4: Equilibrium evolution of the population This equation describes how the future population depends on current population.

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-16 Figure 6.5 Population Growth Depends on Consumption per Worker in the Malthusian Model

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-17 Equation 6.5

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-18 Figure 6.6 Determination of the Population in the Steady State

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-19 Equation 6.6: The per-worker production function

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-20 Equation 6.7: Equilibrium condition in per-worker form

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-21 Equation 6.8 Population growth is increasing in consumption per worker, c

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-22 Figure 6.7 The Per-Worker Production Function

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-23 Figure 6.8 Determination of the Steady State in the Malthusian Model

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-24 An increase in z in the Malthusian model If z increases, this shifts up the per-worker production function. In the long run, the population increases to the point where per capita consumption returns to its initial level. There is no long-run change in living standards.

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-25 Figure 6.9 The Effect of an Increase in z in the Malthusian Model

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-26 Figure 6.10 Adjustment to the Steady State in the Malthusian Model When z Increases

27. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-27 Population Control in the Malthusian Model Population control alters the relationship between population growth and per-capita consumption. In the long run, per capita consumption increases, and living standards rise.

28. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-28 Figure 6.11 Population Control in the Malthusian Model

29. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-29 How Useful is the Malthusian Model Model provides a good explanation for pre-1800 growth facts in the world. Malthus did not predict the effects of technological advances on fertility. Malthus did not understand the role of capital accumulation in growth.

30. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-30 Solow Growth Model This is a key model which is the basis for the modern theory of economic growth. A key prediction is that technological progress is necessary for sustained increases in standards of living.

31. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-31 Equation 6.9: Population growth In the Solow growth model, population is assumed to grow at a constant rate n.

32. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-32 Equation 6.10: Consumption- Savings Behavior Consumers are assumed to save a constant fraction s of their income, consuming the rest.

33. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-33 Equation 6.11: Representative firm’s production function

34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-34 Equation 6.12 Constant returns to scale implies:

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-35 Equation 6.13: Evolution of the capital stock Future capital equals the capital remaining after depreciation, plus current investment.

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-36 Figure 6.12 The Per-Worker Production Function

37. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-37 Equation 6.14: Income- Expenditure Identity The income expenditure identity holds as an equilibrium condition.

38. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-38 Equation 6.15 In equilibrium, future capital equals total savings (= I ) plus what remains of current K.

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-39 Equation 6.16 Substitute for output from the production function.

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-40 Equation 6.17 Rewrite in per-worker form.

41. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-41 Equation 6.18 Re-arrange, to get:

42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-42 Figure 6.13 Determination of the Steady State Quantity of Capital per Worker

43. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-43 Equation 6.19 Equation determining the steady state quantity of capital per worker, k*:

44. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-44 Figure 6.14 Determination of the Steady State Quantity of Capital per Worker

45. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-45 An increase in the savings rate, s In the steady state, this increases capital per worker and real output per capita. In the steady state, there is no effect on the growth rates of aggregate variables.

46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-46 Figure 6.15 Effect of an Increase in the Savings Rate on the Steady State Quantity of Capital per Worker

47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-47 Figure 6.16 Effect of an Increase in the Savings Rate at Time T

48. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-48 Figure 6.17 Steady State Consumption per Worker

49. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-49 Figure 6.18 The Golden Rule Quantity of Capital per Worker

50. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-50 An increase in the population growth rate, n Capital per worker and output per worker decrease. There is no effect on the growth rates of aggregate variables.

51. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-51 Figure 6.19 Steady State Effects of an Increase in the Labor Force Growth Rate

52. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-52 Increases in Total Factor Productivity, z Sustained increases in z cause sustained increases in per capita income.

53. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-53 Figure 6.20 Increases in Total Factor Productivity in the Solow Growth Model

54. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-54 Growth Accounting An approach that uses the production function and measurements of aggregate inputs and outputs to attribute economic growth to: (i) growth in factor inputs; (ii) total factor productivity growth.

55. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-55 Equation 6.20: Cobb-Douglas Production Function

56. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-56 Equation 6.21 A labor share in national income of 64% gives:

57. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-57 Equation 6.22 The Solow residual is calculated as:

58. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-58 Figure 6.21 Natural Log of the Solow Residual, 1948–2005

59. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-59 Table 6.1 Average Annual Growth Rates in the Solow Residual

60. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-60 Figure 6.22 Percentage Deviations from Trend in Real GDP (black line) and the Solow Residual (colored line), 1948–2005

61. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-61 Table 6.2 Measured GDP, Capital Stock, Employment, and Solow Residual

62. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-62 Table 6.3 Average Annual Growth Rates

63. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 6-63 Table 6.4 East Asian Growth Miracles (Average Annual Growth Rates)