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Published byLesley Fitzgerald Modified over 9 years ago
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WASTEWATER
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Wastewater -used water (from human activity) -contains pollutants
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Pollutant -In the recipient the creature’s life circumstances ( significant changes in the existing biological, biochemical processes) and the further use of water for humans will be limited or impossible
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Other problems -aesthetic problems -odour problems -infection problems CLOSED sewerage system from the source to the recipient
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History In the antique Rome was sewerage system also, and it caused no problem. Why is it a problem nowdays? What happend with the wastewater in the past years?
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Organic substances -micro-organisms eat the most of it 2 CH 2 + 3 O 2 → 2 CO 2 + 2 H 2 O +energy + cell material LARGE OXYGEN-DEMAND!
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Organic substances -higher lifeforms cannot get enough oxygen -photosynthesis is not enough -that much oxigen cannot dissolve from the air
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Solution We have to reduce the amunt of organic materials getting into the recipient ↓ in order to keep the DO value above the critical level (DO = Dissolved Oxygen)
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Dangerous wastewater ALWAYS: -infection danger PAST YEARS: -increasing population -urbanization -developing industry (chemicals) -concentration
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Wastewater types Domestic wastewater: - human waste and washwater from houses (homes) Institutional wastewater: - human waste and washwater from public buildings and commercial establishments
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Wastewater types -Industrial wastewater: used water from manufacturing processes - contains different chemical compounds -Municipal wastewater: mixture of domestic and industrial wastewater
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Wastewater types Agricultural wastewater: dung from keeping animals Stormwater: surface runoff caused by rainfall - carries organics, suspended and dissolved solids, etc.
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Amounts Domestic wastewater: Developing countries: less than 100 L/pe/day Middle-Europe:~100 L/pe/day Western countries: ~160 L/pe/day Hungary: 90-100 (BP:180) L/pe/day
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Amounts Industrial wastewater: - what kind of industry - number of working factories and units - type and level of the used technology
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Industry -cooling water -producing chemicals -producing food -electronic industry -textile industry
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Amounts Agricultural wastewater: - what kind of animals - number of the animals - level of the used technology
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Characterization Chemical characterization Individual components: Sewage – impossible Industrial wastewaters – sometimes there is a possibility Municipal wastewater - impossible
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Characterization Group characterization: Carbon Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD Cr = 400-800 mg/l) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 = 200-400 mg/l, BOD 7, BOD 20 ) Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC)
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WATER POLLUTION: Oxygen deficiency
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EFFECT OF RAW WASTEWATER - BOD 5 emission increases, BOD 5 concentration increases, dissolved O 2 concentration decreases - O 2 is an important water quality indicator
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WATER QUAILTY (O 2 ) - raw wastewater: 0 mg/l - saturation concentration (Henry’s law): ~ 10 mg/l (20 °C ) - fish reproduction: 6 mg/l (different sensitivity: age, specie (eg. trout 6-7 mg/l, carp 4 mg/l) - further water uses
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Balance ORGANIC MATERIAL (C, N) SEDIMENT RESPIRATION DIFFUSION FROM AIR PHOTOSYNTHESIS TRIBUTARIES IN – OUT + O 2 diff – C decomposition – nitrification – sediment + photosynthesis – respiration +- tributaries
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BOI O2O2 DISCHARGEO 2 INPUT SEDIMENTATION Streeter & Phelps (1925, River Ohio)
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Characterization Group characterization: –Nitrogen –Phosphorus –Suspended solids –Other chemical, physical and biological parameters
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NITROGEN ORGANICALLY BOUND INORGANIC AMMONIUM (NH 4 -N) NITRATE (NO 3 -N) NITRITE (NO 2 -N) 30 mg/l 50 mg/l 0.1 mg/l 0.5 mg/l No exact values!!!
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PHOSPHORUS MAIN SOURCE DETERGENTS (50%) HUMAN EXCRETA (50%) ORGANICALLY BOUND SOLID INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATES ORTHOPHOSPHATES (PO 4 3- ) DISSOLVED TP
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PHOSPHORUS MAIN SOURCE DETERGENTS (50%) HUMAN EXCRETA (50%) ORGANICALLY BOUND SOLID INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATES ORTHOPHOSPHATES (PO 4 3- ) DISSOLVED TP
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PHOSPHORUS ORGANICALLY BOUND 0 - 4 mg/L POLYPHOSPHATES 0 - 5 mg/L ORTHOPHOSPHATES (PO 4 3- ) 4 - 14 mg/L TOTAL PHOSPHORUS 8 - 14 mg/L
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ESTIMATING POLLUTANT LOAD AND CONCENTRATION BOD 5 : 60 g/d/person COD: 120 g/d/person TSS: 70 g/d/person TN: 11 g/d/person TP: 2.5 g/d/person drinking water consumption: q d = 60-200 l/d/person
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ESTIMATING POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION BOD 5 : 60 g/d/person TN: 11 g/d/person TP: 2.5 g/d/person calculating with 200 l/d/person: BOD 5 concentration: 60/200 = 0.03 g/l = 300 mg/l TN concentration: 11/200 = 0.055 g/l = 55 mg/l TP concentration: 2.5/200 = 0.0125 g/l = 12.5 mg/l
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Other parameters -pH -temperature -salt concentration ( ~ ability of leading electricity)
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Europian Union -All member state should follow some rules -Derogation can be asked for (Hungary: 2015)
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Europian Union - Difference between drinking water and the sewerage system supply - Difference between sewerage system supply and treating the collected wastewater
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Europian Union Sensitive or non-sensitive area More or less, than 2000 person’s emission
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