1. BARRIERS KNR 270

2. BARRIERS w Intrinsic Barriers w Environmental Barriers w Communication Barriers (Smith, Austin & Kennedy, 1996) w Leisure Provider Actions (Dattilo, 2002) w Programmatic Access (Bullock & Mahon, 2002)

3. INTRINSIC BARRIERS w Lack of Knowledge w Social Ineffectiveness w Health Problems w Physical and Psychological Dependency w Skill / Challenge Gap

4. ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS w Attitudinal Barriers w Architectural Barriers w Ecological Barriers w Transportation Barriers w Economic Barriers w Rules & Regulation Barriers w Barriers of Omission

5. COMMUNICATION BARRIERS w Blocked RECIPROCAL interaction between people with disabilities and others w Could be a very hard barrier to overcome w Very critical to leisure involvement

6. LEISURE PROVIDER ACTIONS w Extrinsic rewards w Overemphasis on Competition

7. WAYS TO ADDRESS BARRIERS

8. NEGATIVE ATTITUDES w Personal contact w Examination of attitudes w Education w Simulations w Focus on similarities

9. ARCHITECTURAL BARRIERS w ADA w ADAAG

10. INTRINSIC BARRIERS w Provide choices w Decrease competition w Decrease extrinsic awards w Positive & specific feedback w Leisure Education

11. PROGRAMATIC ACCESS w No guidelines like ADAAG w Reasonable accommodations (ADA) w Reasonable adaptations (Dattilo) Activity analysis Adaptations/modifications Task analysis Partial participation

12. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS

13. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS (Peterson & Stumbo, 2000) w Procedure for breaking down and examining an activity to find INHERENT CHARACTERISTICS To better understand activity Or to provide direction for modification or adaptation w Analyzed as traditionally done w Analyzed independent of participants

14. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS w Activities require action in 4 behavioral areas Physical Cognitive Affective Social

15. PHYSICAL w Body position (sitting, standing, kneeling, etc.) w Body parts (arms, hands, legs, head, etc.) w Types of movement (bending, reaching, running, grasping, etc.) w Coordination (overall, eye-hand) w Strength w Speed w Endurance

16. COGNITIVE w Rules (number, complexity) w Memory (long-term, immediate recall) w Strategy w Concentration w Skills (reading, writing, math, spelling) w Complexity of scoring w Directionality (left/right, up/down)

17. SOCIAL w Number of participants w How closely spaced w Physical contact w Noise level w Cooperation or competition w How interact

18. AFFECTIVE w Joy w Guilt w Pain w Anger w Fear w Frustration

19. ACTIVITY MODIFICATION

20. w Changing one or more components of an activity to allow participation by someone with a disability w Allows everyone to participate w Once know activity, can match participant skills to requirements of activity w Modify discrepancies

21. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS w Be flexible & creative w Individualize adaptations w Focus on abilities w Match challenge & skills w Facilitate independence w Determine necessity of adaptations w View adaptations as transitional

22. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS w Discuss adaptations with participants w Determine feasibility of adaptations w Ensure safety of adaptation w Conduct continuous observations w Make necessary adjustments w Retain original aspects of task

23. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS w Adapt materials Size Speed Weight Stabilization Durability Safety

24. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS w Adapt activity Physical Cognitive Social conditions Be aware of possible affective reactions

25. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS w Adapt environment Sensory factors Participation area

26. DATTILO SUGGESTIONS w Adapt person Positioning Physical aids Alternative communication Teach skills

27. TASK ANALYSIS (Instructional strategies) w Procedure to break skill down to help with instruction or modification

28. PARTIAL PARTICIPATION w Suggests that people with severe disabilities should be allowed to participate at least partially in skills and activities w Focus on portion they can do w Allow choices & decisions in various ways w Allow verbal participation in activity

29. Inclusion Hints w What do I know about the activity? Activity analysis w What do I know about the disability? w What do I know about the person? w What do I need to do to include this person?