1. Ciliates Amoeboid Protozoans Flagellated Protozoans
The Protozoans
Ciliates
Amoeboid Protozoans
Flagellated Protozoans
Kingdom Protozoa

2. Kingdom Protozoa Defining Characteristics
All are unicellular eukaryotes
What is a prokaryote?
Many species are both heterotrophic and autotrophic simultaneously or at different stages of the lifecycle
Kingdom Protozoa

3. Eukaryote Cell

4. Prokaryote Cell

5. Adaptability
Protozoans are ecologically important primary producers, consumers and as vital links in the food chain
Humans are greatly effected by parasitic protozoans either directly or indirectly
Effects range from irritating - fatal
Malaria (Plasmodium spp.) worldwide epidemic
Kingdom Protozoa

6. Reproduction Asexual reproduction
Replication of chromosomes and the splitting of the parent into two or more parts
Binary fission
Multiple fission
Budding
Protozoans are problematic in their associations as colonial forms
Kingdom Protozoa

7. Asexual Reproduction
Amoeba
Flagellate
Ciliate
Kingdom Protozoa

8. Classification Kingdom Protozoa Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)
The Sarcodinids (Amoeboid Protozoans)
Phylum Foraminifera
Phylum Radiozoa
The Flagellated Protozoans
Phytoflagellated protozoans
Zooflagellated protozoans
Kingdom Protozoa

9. Phylum Ciliophora Defining characteristics
Body externally ciliated in at least some lifecycle stages
Have the highest degree of subcellular specialization and are considered advanced protozoans
Paramecium feces
Kingdom Protozoa

10. Cilia Cilia Fastest of all the protozoans
Hair-like structures by which the organism moves, collects food and senses their surroundings
Fastest of all the protozoans
Cilia structure
Kingdom Protozoa

11. Ciliate Biology Oral groove Cytostome Cytoproct Contractile vacuole
Paramecium

12. Ciliate Lifestyles
65% of all ciliate species are free-living and mobile
Some ciliates form colonial aggregations and have sessile habits
Other ciliates have symbiotic relationships in invertebrates and vertebrates
Vorticella
Kingdom Protozoa

13. The Sarcodinids (Amoeboid Protozoans)
Contains 4 phyla: Foraminifera, Radiozoa, Amoebozoa, and Heliozoa
Most reproduce asexually through binary fission
Characterized by pseudopodia
Food is usually captured by phagocytosis
Body types range from free flowing to rigid with skeletal supports
Kingdom Protozoa

14. Phagocytosis
Kingdom Protozoa

15. Amebas and Humans
Kingdom Protozoa

16. Phylum Foraminifera Defining characteristics
Individuals secrete multi-chambered tests, generally made of calcium carbonate (CaCo3)
Foram. tests
Kingdom Protozoa

17. Foraminiferans Extremely abundant, most are benthic and marine
Feed on diatoms and algae, very slow movers
Organisms are extremely common and form ooze
White cliffs of Dover are foraminiferan tests
Kingdom Protozoa

18. Phylum Radiozoa Defining characteristics
Body is divided into distinct zones separated by a perforated membrane or capsule
Have pseudopodia supported with thin microtubules that give a spiny rayed appearance
Kingdom Protozoa

19. Radiolarians
Have shells made of silicon dioxide that can be very intricate
Feed on diatoms and other phytoplankton
Benthic individuals move by use of pseudopodia
Can occur in large concentrations that form ooze as well
Kingdom Protozoa

20. The Flagellated Protozoans
Characterized by the possession of a definite body shape and the possession of one or more flagella
Most species are free-living and mobile
Noctiluca
Kingdom Protozoa

21. Phytoflagellated Protozoans
Have chlorophyll and obtain energy directly from the sunlight
Some are strictly autotrophic or heterotrophic
Some are a combination of both
Both the Euglena and the dinoflagellates are examples of phytoflagellated protozoans
Kingdom Protozoa

22. Dinoflagellates Know for bioluminescence and highly toxic red tides
Dense aggregations produce saxitoxin killing fish and crustaceans
Also contaminates shellfish causing diarrheic shellfish poisoning
Some benthic dinoflagellates produce a neurotoxin that accumulates in tropical fish called Ciguatera
Kingdom Protozoa

23. Phytoflagellated Protozoans
Euglena
Chlamydomonas
Noctiluca
Ceratium
Kingdom Protozoa

24. Zooflagellated Protozoans
Free-living forms
Most individuals are sessile and have a single flagellum that beats to obtain food and nutrients
Parasitic forms
25% of zooflagellate spp. are parasitic in humans, invertebrates, and other vertebrates
Usually have complex lifecycles with intermediate hosts
Malaria is caused by the genus Plasmodium technically a member of the phylum Sporozoa
Kingdom Protozoa

25. Zooflagellated Protozoans
Choanoflagellates
Kingdom Protozoa

26. Malaria (Plasmodium)