1. Protozoans

2. Protozoan Groups Apicomplexans Sarcodines Ciliates Flagellates
Fig. 11.CO

3. Colonial Flagellates
Fig
Volvox colony

4. Protozoan Taxonomy Morphological taxonomy Molecular taxonomy
Phylum sarcomastigophora
Subphylum mastigophora
Flagellates
Phytoflagellates
Zooflagellates
Subphylum sarcodinia
Amoebas
Foramiferans
Radiolarians
Phylum Ciliophora
Ciliates
Phylum Apicomplexa
parasitic protozoa
Spore forming protozoans
Molecular taxonomy
Indicate that morphological relationships are tenuous
Divergence between phyla of protozoa as great as between kingdoms (i.e. animalia, fungi and plantae)
Revisions are continuously occurring

5. Basis of Taxonomy Morphological traits Reproductive modes
Flagella
Cilia
Pseudopodia
Shells (tests)
Reproductive modes
Sexual
Asexual
Spore formation
Distinct reproductive cell forms
Cyst formation
Characteristic organelles
Apical complex
Kinetoplast
Presence/Absence of mitochondria
Trophism
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic

6. Flagella & Cilia
Fig. 11.3a

7. Fig. 5.5, pg 89
Fig. 11.6b

8. Pseudopodial Movement
Fig. 11.4

9. Amoeba Amoeboid movement Phagocytosis Pseudopodial extension
Engulfment of large particles
Fig. 11.5

10. Contractile Vacuoles Osmotic regulation
Remove excess metabolic H2O, and HCO3
Remove H2O that enters by osmosis
Refer to fig 5.7
Fig. 11.8

11. Feeding
Fig 5.6, page 90
Fig. 11.9

12. Examples of Binary Fission – Asexual Reproduction
Fig 5.8, page 91
Fig

13. Radiolarian Undergoing Binary Fission
Fig

14. Sexual Reproduction Conjugation Sporogomy Meiotic nuclear division
Transfer of portion of genome between partners
Sporogomy
Formation of sporozoites
Formation of gametocytes from sporozoites
Fusion of gametocytes to form new generation of sporozoite
Gametocytes and sporozoites are present in separate hosts

15. Cell Specialization in the Colonial Volvacae
Fig 5.11, page 93
Fig

16. Reproduction in Ciliates – Sexual and Asexual
Conjugation
Fission
Fig 5.18, pg 98
Fig 5.9, page 91
Fig

17. Conjugation
Fig a

18. Conjugation
Fig c

19. Conjugation
Fig e

20. Cyst Formation
Fig 5.1, page 85
Fig. 11.1

21. Taxonomy of Kingdom Protozoan

22. Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom Protista
Protozoans
Kingdom Animalia
Fig. 9.9a

23. Phyla Retortamonada and Axostylata
Derived from an early ancestral eukaryote
Retortamonada
Lack both mitochondria and Golgi bodies.
Include Giardia lambia – intestinal parasite, produces violent, but not fatal symptoms.
Produces cyst that are passed by the host, host is infected by contaminated drinking water.
Axostylata
Have a stiffening rod, the axostyle, composed of microtubules that extend along the longitudinal axis.
Members of the Order Trichomonadida contain hydrogenosomes, that function in the same method as mitochondria .
Tichomonas vaginalis – sexually transmitted parasitic, causes urinary tract infections.

24. Phyla Retortamonada and Axostylata
Giardia lambia
Tichomonas vaginalis

25. Phylum Chlorophyta Plant-like Protozoan's
Autotrophic, and contain one or more chloroplast (organelles that contain the pigment chlorophyll used for photosynthesis)
Single celled algae such as Chlamydomonas
Colonial organisms such as Gonium and Volvox

26. Phylum Euglenozoa A phytoflagellate Autotrophic
Opportunistic heterotroph
Contain a light sensitive organelle known as the Stigma.
Kinetoplast, large disk of DNA contained in the mitochondria
Major cause of parasitic infections throughout the world.
Genus Trypanosoma
Genus Leishmania
Fig

27. Immages from links at http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite
Trypanosomiasis
African sleeping sickness – Eastern hemisphere
Trypanosoma brucei
Vector – Tsetse Fly - Glossina spp
Immages from links at

28. Trypanosomiasis Chaga’s disease – Western hemisphere Trypanosoma cruzi
Vector – assassin bug – Rhodnius spp, Panstrongylus spp and Triatoma spp

29. Life Cycle of Trypanosoma

30. Trypanosoma Early diagnosis – treatment very successful
Suramine or Pentamidine depending on subspecies of trypanosome
Late phase treatments
Low success rate
Serious side effects (including lethality) of drugs
Melarsoprol – often causes sever allergic reaction which causes neural damage
Eflornithine – only effective against gambiense subspecies and is no longer produced
These drugs contain arsenic

31. Leishmania
Leishmania donovani “referred to as Dum-Dum Fever or kala-azar”
Spread by sand flies; phlebotomus spp.
Common in Africa and India, and rare in the Mediterranean and Latin America.
Causes fever, malaise, progressive wasting, anemia, lesions, enlargement of the liver and spleen, facial scarring and death.

32. Leishmaniasis Treatments – Antimony containing compounds
meglumine antimonate
sodium stibogluconate

33. Life Cycle of Leishmania

34. Phylum Apicomplexa
Parasitic
Reproduce both sexually and asexually
Set of organelles called the Apical Complex
Present in the sporozoite for invading the host cells
Cilia, flagella or pseudopodia – but these are lacking in most species.
Form spores
Two main Classes
Gregarinea – intestinal parasites, normally complete life cycle within one host.
Coccidea – vertebrate parasites include;
Cryptosporidium
Toxoplasma
Plasmodium – malaria
500 million cases annually
1-2 million deaths annually

35. Apical Organelles of the Apicomplexans
Fig 5.13, page 95
Fig

36. Life Cycle of Plasmodium falciparum
Fig 5.14, page 96
Fig

37. Phylum Ciliophora
Large, diverse phyla
Typically found in marine or freshwater environments
Range in size from 10um to 3mm long and all have cilia during their life cycle
Multinucleate
Macronucleus – controls metabolism, synthesis of organic molecules and development of the organism
Micronucleus – function in sexual reproduction and give rise to the macronucleus after sexual reproduction.
Holozoic, feeds on organisms via a cytostome
Defensive and predatory adaptations
Trichocysts – defensive
Toxocysts – toxic to paralyze prey
Pellicle – protective coating that can range from a single cell in thickness to a thick armored covering

38. Phylum Ciliophora– Parmecium sp
Fig 5.17, page 98
Fig

39. Some other Ciliates
Fig 5.15, pg 97
Fig

40. Phylum Dinoflagellata
Ecologically important
Primary producers in marine environments – photosynthetic varieties
Commonly have two flagella
Either photosynthetic or herbivores
Some species are bioluminescent
Zooxanthellae gen. live in mutualistic relationships with other protozoans, sea anemones, coral and clams (ex. with stony coral which produces coral reefs)
Some species are responsible for red tides
Release toxins that paralyze or kill fish
Protozoans then feed on fish
Can affect humans be affecting the respiratory and nervous systems, as well as causing sores to develop.

41. Dinoflagellates
Fig

42. Amebas Fresh and salt water environments, and soil moisture
Planktonic or substratum
Holozoic
Some parasitic species
Entamoeba histolytica
Brain infections
Protective tests (or shells) form to protect the organisms
Formaninferans – include sand into the test
Radiolarians
Marine, planktonic with siliceous skeletons
Among the oldest known species of protozoans
Common throughout the geologic or fossil record

43. Examples of Amebas
Fig