1. Diagnostic Procedures and Pharmacology

2. Basic Examination Procedures Assessment – the evaluation of a patients condition Vital Signs – measuring or counting the temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure Auscultation – listening to body sounds (lungs, heart, abdomen) using a stethoscope Palpation – using hands to feel texture, size, consistency, and location of body parts

3. Basic Examination Procedures Cont’d. Percussion – using hands to tap on a body surface to measure density of underlying structures Opthalmoscope – instrument used to examine the interior of the eye (opthalm/o = eye + -scope = instrument for visual examination) ww7.investorrelations.co.uk/halmaplc_de/asset... Otoscope – instrument used to examine external ear canal and tympanic membrane (ot/o = ear + - scope = instrument)

4. Basic Examination Positions refer to pictures in your textbook, pages 279-280 Recumbent – laying down (no matter what position - back, side or front) Prone – laying on the front of the body, face down Supine – laying on the back, face up content.answers.com/.../wp/en/c/c4/Supine.jpg Dorsal Recumbent – laying supine, with knees bent so that feet are on stretcher

5. Laboratory Tests Phlebotomy (phleb/o = vein + -otomy = surgical incision) - puncture of a vein to draw blood www.dcboces.org/MTI/phlebotomy.jpg CBC (complete blood count) – series of tests to evaluate several blood conditions (such as anemia, leukemia, infection, etc…). BUN (blood urea nitrogen) – blood tests that shows kidney function

6. Laboratory Tests Cont’d. Urinalysis – examination of urine to determine presence of abnormal elements (such as glucose, protein, pus, blood, etc…) Endoscopy (endo = within + -scopy = visual exam.) – visual examination of the interior of a body cavity z.about.com/f/p/440/graphics/images/en/15849.jpg Centesis (-centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid) – fluid is removed for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid

7. Imaging Techniques Conventional radiology – (X-rays) radiation passes through the patient to expose a film that shows the body in profile Computerized tomography – (CT) radiation with computer assistance produces multiple cross-sectional images of the body www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1... Magnetic Resonance Imaging – (MRI) uses combination of radio waves and magnetic field to produce images

8. Imaging Techniques Cont’d Radiographic contrast medium – substance used to make structures visible that are normally hard to see (example – barium). Diagnostic Ultrasound – imaging of deep body structures by using sound waves sonogram human foetal fetal ultrasound scan at 22 weeks mono 1 ANON.jpgat

9. Imaging Techniques Cont’d Nuclear Medicine – looks at how well body organs or systems are functioning instead of anatomy Positron Emission Tomography – combines tomography with radionuclide tracers to produce images of selected body organs or areas. www.physics.utoronto.ca/~key/PHY138/PET%20sca...

10. Pharmacology Prescription – an order for medication, therapy, or a therapeutic device (walker, nebulizer, etc..) given by an authorized person (MD, NP, Dentist, etc…) to a person properly authorized to dispense or perform that order. Prescription drug – medication that may be dispensed only with a prescription from a licensed professional.

11. Pharmacology Cont’d. Adverse Drug Reaction – undesirable drug response (rash, hives, etc…) that goes along with the desirable drug response Contraindication – a factor in the patients condition that makes the use of a drug dangerous or ill-advised (contra = against); not a bad drug, but a bad drug for this person at this time

12. Routes of Administration Inhalation – vapor or gases taken in through the nose or mouth and absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs. Examples – anesthesia, nebulizer medication, asthma inhalers Oral – drugs taken by mouth to be absorbed in the stomach or small intestine Rectal – insertion of medication in the rectum either by suppository or liquid (such as Phenergan).

13. Routes of Administration Cont’d. Sublingual (sub = below, under + lingu/o = tongue + -al = pertaining to) – medication given under the tongue and allowed to dissolve Topical – lotions, ointments, or eye drops that are applied for local action www.marineyes.com/images/OAG-Meds_C14.jpg

14. Routes of Administration Cont’d. Transdermal – applying drug to unbroken skin through a patch for absorption through the skin Parenteral – administration of medication by injection through a syringe & needle; common types are: intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SQ), intravenous (IV) or intradermal (ID).

15. Common Pharmacology Abbreviations a.c. = before mealsEx – take one tablet a.c. ad lib = as desiredEx – activity ad lib b.i.d. = twice a dayEx – take one tablet b.i.d. NPO = nothing by mouthEx – NPO after midnight p.c. = after mealsEx – take one tablet p.c. p.r.n. = as neededEx – one tablet prn every 4 hrs p.o. = by mouthEx – take one po in the morning qd = every dayEx – take one po qd q.i.d. = four times a dayEx – take one po q.i.d. t.i.d. = three times a dayEx – take one po t.i.d.

16. Career Opportunities Medical Lab technologist – works under supervision of a pathologist examining tissues, fluids and cells Medical Lab technician – works under supervision of a MT or pathologist performing routine tests that do not require and advanced degree Histologic technician – works under supervision of MT to cut and stain tissue specimens

17. Career Opportunities Cont’d Medical Laboratory assistant – prepares specimens for testing and helps clean & maintain equipment Pharmacy technician – works under supervision of Pharmacist to prepare medications for patients Radiologic technologist – works under supervision of Radiologist to perform a variety of radiological tests

18. Career Opportunities Cont’d. MRI technologist – an RT that works with magnetic resonance imaging Radiation Therapy technologist – prepares cancer patients for treatments and administers prescribed dose of radiation to specific body parts http://www.srhc.com/services/oncology/image/Clinac.jpg Sonographer – conducts ultrasound tests

19. Whooo Hoooo!!! We have finished all of the new content for this semester! Well Done!!! We will have review activities next class for Unit Exam 6. Remember to be studying a little bit every night in preparation for this test.

20. Final Exam Exemptions Exemptions forms come out on Wednesday, and they are due on the following Tuesday. Mrs. Moore and Mrs. Wright will not sign your form until after your Unit Exam 6 test has been entered. Be sure to study….

21. Final Exams In high school (9-12th), ALL finals count as 25% of your total grade. 25% is the equivalent of a 4 th six weeks!! You should start studying for your finals this week…. (Ex - 30 minutes on each “A” day subject today, 30 minutes on each “B” day subject tomorrow, etc….) so that you know the material really well by next week’s final exam.

22. Math Example For each of the first three six weeks, you had a 74 average. 74 x 3 = 222 points. If you don’t study and make a 50 on the final, you would add 50 points to the previous 222 points. Then, divide 272 points by 4 (25%) = 68 You would fail the semester and not receive high school credit for your class since your grade is below a 70.

23. Math Example Cont’d. However, you can also improve your average in any class as a result of the final exam. Example - For each of the first three 6 weeks, you had a 78 average. 78 x 3 = 234 You spend time studying for the final exam and make an 88 on the final. You would add the 88 to your previous score of 234. 88 + 234 = 322 points Divide 322 by 4 (25%) and now you have an 81 for the semester (raised one letter grade).

24. Reminders for next year If you are in the Pre-med or Health Science strands of the Academy, you need to be sure you are enrolled in Principles of Health Science Technology class. No matter which high school you will be attending, Principles is the second year course that replaced HST 1. You all need this course to obtain the skills and course content before going into Health Science (HST 2) as a Junior. do not The Principles of Health Science course will be your health credit, so do not sign up for “Health” class if you are taking Principles. Take another course that you need instead.