1. Chapter 4 : present perfect past perfect

2. Present Perfect
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now Past present future 1-She has married since It is an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present I have worked in the school for three years. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

3. Form of the Present Perfect tense
We form the Present Perfect with have and the past participle (regular verbs: infinitive + -ed; irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs) have/has + past participle has: 3rd person singular (he, she, it) have: all other forms past participle: - regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs.

4. For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed
Example
after a final e only add d
love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled
admit – admitted travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i
hurry – hurried

5. For irregular verbs, use the participle form
Infinitive
Simple Past
Past Participle
alight
alighted, alit
arise
arose
arisen
awake
awoke, awaked
awoken, awaked be
was, were
been
bear
bore
borne, born
beat
beaten, beat
become
became
beget
begot
begotten
begin
began
begun
bend
bent
cost
creep
crept
crow
crowed
crew, crowed

6. How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
1-Experinces
We can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience.
I have been to Canada. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in Canada . Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
He has never traveled by train.
2- Change over time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

7. 1- My English has really improved since I moved to U.S.A .
2- She has grown since the last time I saw her.
3- Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity.
1- Kids have learned how to read.
2- Scientists have split the atom.

8. 4- An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen Carlos has not finished his homework yet. 2- she has still not reached .

9. 5-Multiple Actions at Different Times We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times.
1-I have had one project and two quizzes so far.
2- We have had many problems while working on school.

10. Form of Present Perfect
Positive
Negative
Question
I / you / we / they
I have eaten.
I have not eaten.
Have I eaten?
he / she / it
He has eaten.
He has not eaten.
Has he eaten?

11. Signal Words of Present Perfect already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now. 1- Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey. 2-We have just got back from our holidays. 3-Have you ever seen a ghost? 4-Where have you been up to now? 5-Have you finished your homework yet? No, so far I’ve only done my history.

12. Simple Past–Present Perfect Simple
In English, the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect is quite strict.
As soon as a time expression in the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no signal words, you must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is important.

13. The exact time is not important
The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week.
NOTICE
"Last " and "in the last " are very different in meaning. Ex "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
I went to Damam last year. (I went to Damam in the calendar year before this one).
I have been to France in the last year. (I have been to France at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now).

14. Past tense
1-Finished events in the past with no connection to the present: Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa. The Vikings invaded Britain.
2-With a finished time word (yesterday, last week, at 2 o'clock, in 2003): I went to the cinema yesterday. We visited Japan in 2007.
3-For stories / lists of events: He went to a café, sat down and lit a cigarette. Yesterday I went to the library, met a friend for lunch, and played tennis.
4Details of news: I've hurt my leg. I fell off a ladder when I was painting my bedroom. I've been on holiday. I went to Spain .

15. Present Perfect and Simple Past
is used when the time is clear.
is used when the time is not specific
is used when giving older information.
is often used when giving recent news.
is used with (when the actions have already finished).
is used with( for and since) when the actions have not finished yet.
A finished action with no result in the present:
A finished action with a result in the present:
With a finished time word (last week, last month, yesterday):
With an unfinished time word (this week, this month, today):

16. Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Simple
Certain time in the past or just / already / yet?
Certain event in the past or how often so far?
Simple Past
Present Perfect Simple
certain time in the past
Example : I finished my work 5 minutes ago.
just / already / not yet
Example :I have just finished my work
Simple Past
Present Perfect Simple
certain event in the past
Example:
He went to Uk last summer.
whether / how often till now
Example : Have you ever been to UK ?
I have been to UK twice.

17. Present Perfect Simple
Emphasis on action or result? Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasis the result (a past action's consequence in the present)?
Simple Past
Present Perfect Simple
Emphasis on action
Example : I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in the past.)
Emphasis on result
Example : I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually want to express that I have a new bike now.)

18. Signal Words Simple Past Present Perfect Simple yesterday ... ago
in 1990
the other day
last ...
just
already
up to now
until now / till now
ever
(not) yet
so far
lately / recently

19. Difference between gone and been
We use the present perfect of be when someone has gone to a place and returned.
Where have you been? But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone:
I’ve just been out to the supermarket.
Where is Maria? I haven’t seen her for weeks. B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow.

20. HAVE you ever + present perfect form?

21. Past perfect tense
We use the past perfect tense fairly often in English.
1: A completed action before something else in the past.
When we arrived, the film had started. (= first the film started, then later we arrived)
2: To explain or give a reason for something in the past.
I'd eaten dinner so I wasn't hungry.
It had snowed in the night, so the bus didn't arrive.

22. Which one present perfect or simple past
These two tenses are both used to talk about things that happened in the past. However we use past perfect to talk about something that happened before another action in the past, which is usually expressed by the past simple.
For example:
"I had already eaten my dinner when he called." In other words, First I ate my dinner, then he called. The past perfect is often used with already, yet, just and even.

23. To talk about a past action that ended before another action or time in the past, we use before and after. We use the simple past too.
The film had started before we arrived
He came to my house.( Simple Past Tense)
I had already left. (Past Perfect Tense)
He came to my house after I had already left.

24. Ali had repaired his car , before he went fishing.
After he had taken his music lesson, he made a telephone call.
Ali had repaired his car , before he went fishing.
Before (simple past), (past perfect).
After ( past perfect),( simple past) .