1. A lecture series on Relativity Theory and Quantum Mechanics The Relativistic Quantum World University of Maastricht, Sept 24 – Oct 15, 2014 Marcel Merk

2. The Relativistic Quantum World Relativity Quantum Mechanics Standard Model Lecture notes, written for this course, are available: www.nikhef.nl/~i93/Teaching/www.nikhef.nl/~i93/Teaching/ Literature used: see lecture notes. Prerequisite for the course: High school level mathematics. Sept 24: Lecture 1: The Principle of Relativity and the Speed of Light Lecture 2: Time Dilation and Lorentz Contraction Oct 1: Lecture 3: The Lorentz Transformation Lecture 4: The Early Quantum Theory Oct 8: Lecture 5: The Double Slit Experiment Lecture 6: Quantum Reality Oct 15: Lecture 7: The Standard Model Lecture 8: The Large Hadron Collider

3. Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Quantum- mechanics Classical- mechanics Quantum- Field theory Special Relativity- theory Size Speed lightspeed ?? Human sizeSmallest ; elementary particles c Planck constant ħ

4. Relativity fraction of light-speed Relativistic factor Classical Transformation: Relativistic Transformation: Equivalence of inertial frames Light-speed c is constant! Velocities:

5. From another perspective particle How does a photon see the universe? For a photon time does not exist!

6. Quantum Mechanics Light is a stream of particles Isaac Newton Light is emitted in quanta Max Planck The nature of light is quanta Albert Einstein Yes, because photons collide! Arthur Compton Particles are probability waves Niels Bohr Similar to sound light consists of waves Christiaan Huygens Yes, because it interferes Thomas Young Louis de Broglie Particles have a wave nature:  = h/p

7. Uncertainty relation You can not precisely determine position and momentum at the same time: A particle does not have well defined position and momentum at the same time. Werner Heisenberg Erwin Schrödinger p = h/λ = hf/c

8. The wave function  Position fairly knownMomentum badly known

9. The wave function  Momentum badly knownPosition fairly known Position badly knownMomentum fairly known

10. Lecture 5 The Double Slit Experiment “It doesn’t matter how beautiful your theory is, it doesn’t matter how smart you are. If it doesn’t agree with experiment it’s wrong.” -Richard Feynman

11. Richard Feynman (1918 – 1988). Nobelprize 1965: Quantum Electrodynamics (Path Integral formulation of quantum mechanics) Challenger disaster Feynman diagram Mostly known from: Feynman diagrams Challenger investigation Popular books

12. The Double Slit Experiment Case 1: An Experiment with Bullets

13. Case 1: Experiment with Bullets A gun fires bullets in random direction. Slits 1 and 2 are openings through which bullets can pass. A moveable detector “collects” bullets and counts them P 1 is the probability curve when only slit 1 is open P 2 is the probability curve when only slit 2 is open Observation: Bullets come in “lumps”. What is the probability curve when both slit 1 and slit 2 are open?

14. Case 1: Experiment with Bullets P 1 is the probability curve when only slit 1 is open P 2 is the probability curve when only slit 2 is open A gun fires bullets in random direction. Slits 1 and 2 are openings through which bullets can pass. A moveable detector “collects” bullets and counts them When both slits are open: P 12 = P 1 + P 2 We can just add up the probabilities.

15. The Double Slit Experiment Case 2: An Experiment with Waves

16. Waves & Interference : water, sound, light Sound: Active noise cancellation: Light: Thomas Young experiment: Water: Interference pattern: light + light can give darkness! Waves: Interference principle:

17. Case 2: Experiment with Waves The intensity of a wave is the square of the amplitude… We replace the gun by a wave generator. Let’s think of water waves. Slits 1 and 2 act as new wave sources. The detector measures now the intensity (energy) in the wave. Observation: Waves do not Come in “lumps”. I 1 = |h 1 | 2 I 2 = |h 2 | 2 I 12 = ??

18. Intermezzo: Wave Oscillation & Intensity R(t) = h cos (  f t +  ) Energy in the oscillation (up-down) movement of the molecules: E kin = ½ m v 2 and v is proportional to the amplitude or height: v ≈ h So that the intensity of the wave is: I ≈ h 2 h Formula for the resulting oscillation of a water molecule somewhere in the wave: and the Intensity: I = h 2 h v f = frequency  = phase

19. Case 2: Experiment with Waves R 1 (t) = h 1 cos (  f t +    When both slits are open there are two contributions to the wave the oscillation at the detector: R(t) = R 1 (t) + R 2 (t) R 2 (t) = h 2 cos (  f t +   ) I 1 = |h 1 | 2 I 2 = |h 2 | 2 I 12 = ?? First combine: R(t) = R 1 (t) + R 2 (t) Afterwards look at the amplitude and intensity of the resulting wave!   and   depend on distance to 1 and 2

20. Mathematics for the die-hards Interference!

21. Interference of Waves Interfering waves: I 12 = |R 1 + R 2 | 2 = h 1 2 + h 2 2 + 2h 1 h 2 cos(  ) h1h1 h2h2 Regions of constructive interference: I 12 = 2 × ( I 1 + I 2 ) Regions of destructive interference: I 12 = 0 cos  = 1 cos  = -1

22. Case 2: Experiment with Waves When both slits are open there are two contributions to the wave the oscillation at the detector: R(t) = R 1 (t) + R 2 (t) First combine: R(t) = R 1 (t) + R 2 (t) Afterwards look at the amplitude and intensity of the resulting wave!

23. Case 2: Experiment with Waves When both slits are open there are two contributions to the wave the oscillation at the detector: R(t) = R 1 (t) + R 2 (t) Interference pattern: I 12 = |R 1 + R 2 | 2 = h 1 2 + h 2 2 + 2h 1 h 2 cos(  ) Regions where waves are amplified and regions where waves are cancelled. Contrary to “bullets” we can not just add up Intensities.

24. Double Slit Experiment with Light (Young)

25. The Double Slit Experiment Case 3: An Experiment with Electrons

26. Case 3: Experiment with Electrons Observation: Electrons come in “lumps”, like bullets From the detector counts deduce again the probabilities P 1 and P 2 To avoid confusion use single electrons: one by one! What do we expect when both slits are open?  2 | 2  1 | 2

27. Case 3: Experiment with Electrons  2 | 2  1 | 2

28. Case 3: Experiment with Electrons  2 | 2  1 | 2

29. Case 3: Experiment with Electrons  2 | 2  1 | 2

30. Case 3: Experiment with Electrons  2 | 2  1 | 2

31. Case3: Experiment with Electrons  2 | 2  1 | 2

32. Case 3: Experiment with Electrons Add the wave amplitudes:  12 =  1 +  2 An Interference pattern! The electron wave function behaves exactly like classical waves. The probability is the square of the sum: P 12 = |  12 | 2 = |  1 +  2 | 2 = |  1 | 2 + |  2 | 2 + 2  1  2 * De Broglie waves  1 +  2 | 2  2 | 2  1 | 2 Just like “waves” we can not just add up Intensities.

33. Case 3: Experiment with Electrons Perhaps the electrons interfere with each other. Reduce the intensity, shoot electrons one by one: same result. P.S.: Classically, light behaves light waves. However, if you shoot light, photon per photon, it “comes in lumps”, just like electrons. Quantum Mechanics: for photons it is the same story as for electrons.  1 +  2 | 2  2 | 2  1 | 2

34. The Double Slit Experiment Case 4: A Different Experiment with Electrons

35. Case 4: Watch the Electrons D1D1 D2D2 Let us try to out-smart the electron: just watch through which slit it goes! D 1 and D 2 are two “microscopes” looking at the slits 1 and 2, respectively.

36. Case 4: Watch the Electrons D1D1 D2D2 If you watch half the time; you only get the interference for the cases you did not watch. It requires an observation to let the quantum wave function “collapse” into reality. As long as no measurement is made the wave function keeps “all options open”. When we watch through which slit the electrons go, we kill the interference! Now the electron behaves just like a classical particle (“bullet”).

37. Wave Particle Duality Next lecture we will try to out-smart nature one step further… … and face the consequences.