1. Warm-Up November 12, 2013 Which of the following are true about Mayan people? They built their huge structures without beasts of burden. They built their buildings and carved their hieroglyphics without metallic tools. They did not use carts or wagons with wheels.

2. South America Colonization

3. Today’s assignment Using the Power Point handout, complete the graphic organizer. Make sure you know the population of each country and it’s ethnic makeup, the language and religion of each country, and any distinguishing characteristics. Once you have completed your organizer, come get the Out the Door Questions to turn in at the end of class.

4. South America Before 1500 - Indian Empires Early signs of the Maya in South America began as early as 1000 BC. The Maya gradually established a powerful kingdom (or kingdoms) which extended over most of Central America. Around 1300, the Maya state began to decline and two other important kingdoms formed near them. One was the Aztecs in what is now Mexico. The other was the Inca in what is now Ecuador and Peru. Although the Maya state was clearly in decline by the 1400s, all three of the big states - the Maya, the Aztec and the Inca - were still there when the first Europeans came to South America around 1500.

5. European Colonization - Glory Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese. Spanish conquistadors Vasco Nunez de Balboa conquered large territories in North, Central and South America Hernan Cortes took over the Aztec Kingdom Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire. Portuguese Conquistador Pedro Alvares Cabral landed on the coast of Brazil in 1500

6. European Colonization - God In 1537, the church issued a ruling that recognized that Native Americans possessed souls The process of Christianization and many places dedicated to the pagan religions were burned. Eventually, the people began to adapt the new Christian teachings to their local customs. New churches were built leading to a mix of old world Christianity and local religions.

7. European Colonization - Gold When Atahualpa, the Incan Emperor, was held for ransom, the Spanish explorers saw the treasure gathered and began their search for gold. They found fortunes of gold in Colombia, Ecuador, and Chile. More than 180 tons of gold was shipped to Europe between 1500 and 1650.

8. South American Colonization The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire non-European world into two areas of exploration and colonization Based on this treaty, Spain colonized land west of the boundary and Portugal colonized Brazil, east of the boundary. However, Spain and Portugal weren’t the only countries to send explorers to the New World. England and France disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas and eventually succeeded in establishing permanent colonies.

9. South America Today South America has 13 countries that can be divided into four regions. Brazil Northern Tropics Andean Countries Southern Grassland Countries

10. Brazil Colonized by Portugal in 1500 From 1500 to 1800, more than 3 million slaves were brought into Brazil Today, they are the largest country in South America both in size and in population 170 million Most of Portuguese descent The rest are of African descent and mulatto Official language is Portuguese

11. Northern Tropic Region The Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia Guianas – Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana Different from the rest of South America – not Spanish speaking and not Roman Catholic Guyana - 700,000 official language English Asian migration in mid 1800s Most of the population is Asian descent and speak languages of India Religion is mainly Muslim or Hindu

12. Northern Tropic Region The Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia Suriname – 400,000 Colony of the Netherlands until 1975 50% Asian, 10% African descent, 30% mulatto Official language is Dutch Religion is mainly Muslim or Hindu French Guiana – not an independent country but an overseas department of France Similar population to Suriname but the mulatto population is the largest Official language is French

13. Northern Tropic Region Venezuela – 24 million Official language is Spanish Most are of European descent or mestizo Catholic Colombia – 40 million 2 nd most populous country in South America Gained independence from Spain in 1820 Official language is Spanish Catholic European descent or mestizo

14. Andean Countries Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile In the four Andean Countries, the main religion is Roman Catholicism Ecuador – 12.9 million 25% population is of Indian descent and speak Quechua 50% mestizo and 10% European; speak Spanish Peru – 26.1 million Heart of Inca Empire 45% Indian, speak Quechua or Aymara 50% mestizo, speak Spanish

15. Andean Countries Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile Bolivia – 7.8 million Landlocked country Majority population is Indian, speak Quechua or Aymara The rest are mestizo, speak Spanish Chile – 15 million 2/3 of the people are mestizo (European and indigenous) The remaining third are primarily European descent and speak Spanish Very few Indians

16. The Southern Grassland Countries Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina The Southern Grassland Countries have more in common with Europe than with the rest of South America They are the most prosperous countries in South America The main religion is Roman Catholic

17. The Southern Grassland Countries Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina Paraguay – 5.3 million Most are mestizo and speak Guarani (a local Indian language) and Spanish Uruguay – 3.3 million Most are European descent (Italian and Spanish Speak Spanish Argentina – 37 million Most are European descent (Italian and Spanish Speak Spanish

18. Out the Door Questions What three Indian Empires were present in South America when the Europeans first arrived? How are the Guianas different from the rest of South America? Which region is the most economically prosperous? How did the population of South America change because of European colonization?