2. Learning Standards 5. Construction Technologies Construction technology involves building structures in order to contain, shelter, manufacture, transport, communicate, and provide recreation. 5.2 Identify and describe three major types of bridges (e.g., arch, beam, and suspension) and their appropriate uses (e.g., site, span, resources, and load). 5.3 Explain how the forces of tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear affect the performance of bridges. 5.4 Describe and explain the effects of loads and structural shapes on bridges.

3. Learning Objectives 1)Define Bridge 2) Identify & describe 7 major parts of a bridge 3) Identify & describe 5 forces that affect bridges 4) Identify & describe 7 types of bridges At the conclusion of the lesson students will be able to:

4. A structure built to span a physical obstacle Ex: Roads, Railroad Tracks, Rivers, Valleys etc. It does not have to be water!

5. Parts of a Bridge Surface on which traffic moves Deck Heavy supports at the end of a bridge Abutments Pier Heavy column that holds up a bridge Tower Heavy column above the bridge that supports cables Span Distance between 2 supports or towers – Used to describe the length of the bridge Thick wire that supports the deck of the bridge Cables Triangular framework used to support the deck of the bridge Truss

6. Stepping Stones Early Bridges Logs Over Streams The first bridges were: Later people used large flat rocks connect the stepping stones allowing them to cross over the bridge with small carts

7. Forces Upon Bridges A force that pushes Compression A force that pulls Tension A force that twists A force acting across any structure Shear What happens to a structure when something heavy crosses over it Bending Forces must be considered when building bridges Torsion Click here to learn more about the forces that affect bridges

8. Most common & oldest type of bridge Example: Highway overpasses Beam Bridge

9. Longer Beam Bridges need piers for support along the span Beam Bridge Unsupported beams can span distances only up to 250 feet

10. Top of Beam Bridges are under COMPRESSION Forces Impacting Beam Bridges (Forces) Bottom of Beam Bridges are under TENSION

11. Drawbridge Also known as a Bascule Bridge A Beam Bridge that has surfaces that can be raised & lowered to allow the passage of boats

12. Arch Bridge Arch Bridges were first designed & created by the Romans Arch bridges typically span distances of 200 – 800 feet (can span longer distances)

13. Arch Bridge Arch bridges distribute weight sideways & down around the curve Arch bridges rely on the force of compression to work effectively First Arch Bridges were made of wedge shaped stones locked in a curve. The stones were locked in place by a Keystone

14. Used to cross very wide spans (2000 - 7000 ft) Suspension Bridge Bridge is suspended (hangs) from large vertical cables

15. Forces Impacting Suspension Bridges Cables & abutments (anchorages) are under the force of tension Towers are under the force of compression

16. Cable Stayed Bridge Cables connected to towers stretch down diagonally to support beam (deck) Cheaper & easier to construct than traditional Suspension Bridges Typically span distances of 500 – 2800 feet (can be longer)

17. Forces Impacting Cable Stayed Bridges Cables are under the force of tension Towers are under the force of compression

18. Cable Stayed Bridge Different styles of Cable Stayed Bridges Harp Style Fan Style

19. Truss Bridge Made of steel beams constructed into rigid triangle shapes called trusses Triangles are considered to be the strongest self supporting shape The trusses can be above or below the bridge

20. Forces Impacting Truss Bridges Blue Arrows represent Red Arrows represent TENSION COMPRESSION

21. Cantilever Bridge (using trusses) Cantilever: Self supporting beam that is fastened to the ground at one end 2 cantilevers meet in the middle & are connected by trusses The strong design of these bridges resist high winds

22. Types of Bridges Arch Bridge Suspension Bridge Truss Bridge Drawbridge Cable Stayed Bridge Cantilever Bridge Beam Bridge

24. Braga Bridge Cantilever Bridge (using trusses) 5780 ft long Opened in 1965

25. Tappan Zee Bridge Crosses the Hudson River 25 miles north of NYC Cantilever Bridge (using trusses)

26. Washington Bridge - Providence, RI Opened 9/25/1930 Arch Bridge consisting of a series of arches

27. Glen Canyon Bridge & Dam Lake Powell, Az Crosses Colorado River Opened in 1966 1560 ft long Steel Arch Bridge

28. Eads Bridge Crosses the Mississippi River - Connects St. Louis, Missouri & East St. Louis, Illinois 1st major all steel bridge Built in 1874

29. Brooklyn Bridge Opened May 24, 1883 – it took 13 years to build Crosses East River in New York City Connects Manhattan & Brooklyn Longest Suspension Bridge in the world when it was built 5989 Feet

30. Golden Gate Bridge Opened May 27, 1937 Crosses SF Bay Connects SF & Marin County Longest Suspension Bridge in the world when it was built 8981 Feet

31. Manhattan Bridge Crosses the East River – Connects Manhattan & Brooklyn Suspension Bridge

32. Akashi Kaikyo Bridge Opened April 5, 1998 12,831 Feet Center Span 6,532 Feet Connects Kobe & Awaji Island Also known as the Pearl Bridge Currently the world’s longest Suspension Bridge Built to withstand 178 MPH winds, earthquakes measuring 8.5 on the Richter Scale & harsh sea currents

33. Opened October 24, 1929 Crosses Mt. Hope Bay 6,130 Feet Center Span 1,200 Feet Connects Bristol & Portsmouth Rhode Island Mt. Hope Bridge Suspension Bridge

34. Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge Crosses the Narragansett Bay – Connects Newport & Jamestown Suspension Bridge

35. Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge Crosses the Charles River Opened in 2003 1432 feet long Widest Cable Stayed Bridge in the world: 183 feet wide

36. Sunshine Skyway - St. Petersburg, Fla Crosses Tampa Bay Opened 4/20/87 5 1/2 miles long Cable Stayed Bridge

37. Millau Viaduct

38. Spans the valley of the River Tarn near Millau, France Tallest bridge in the world – one of the masts has a summit of 1,125 ft Taller than the Eiffel Tower & just shorter (125 ft) than the Empire State Building Opened December 14, 2004 (ahead of schedule) – work began in October 2001 Total length: 8,071 ft

39. Millau Viaduct

42. Brightman Street Bridge Opened 10/10/1908 Closed October 2011 922 ft long

43. Brightman Street Bridge Somerset, Mass.

44. Veterans Memorial Bridge Somerset, Mass.

45. London Tower Bridge Drawbridge with Suspension

46. Providence River Railroad Bridge Drawbridge

47. Bourne Bridge Arch Bridge (w/ suspended deck) Crosses Cape Cod Canal in Bourne, Ma Opened in 1935 Sagamore Bridge Crosses Cape Cod Canal in Sagamore, Ma Opened in 1935

48. IWay Bridge IWay Video Part 1 IWay Video Part 2

49. Cape Cod Railroad Bridge Lift Bridge Crosses Cape Cod Canal in Bourne, Ma Opened in 1935

50. Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel Continuous Span & Truss Bridge with Tunnels

51. MCAS Question Which of the following bridges is an example of a Suspension Bridge? C. 73% A. B. C. D.

52. MCAS Question A Beam Bridge supporting a toy truck is shown in the diagram below. When an object pushes down on this bridge, the bottom edge experiences a force that tends to pull it apart as shown. What is the type of force labeled X? A. CompressionB. Shear C. TensionD. Torsion C. Tension52%

53. MCAS Question Support cables in a Suspension Bridge are most stressed by which of the following forces? A. Shear B. Torsion C. Tension D. Compression C. Tension74%

54. MCAS Question An engineer designing a Suspension Bridge discovers it will need to carry twice the load that was originally estimated. One change the engineer must make to the original design to maintain safety is to increase the A. length of the wires in tension B. diameter of the wires in tension C. height of the support towers D. length of the bridge B. diameter of the wires in tension57%

55. MCAS Question The diagram below shows the supports of a proposed bridge. Which of the following wooden bridge designs, if built from one support to the other would withstand the heaviest load? D.87% B. A. C. D.

56. MCAS Question Several students are entering a bridge building contest that requires ice cream sticks & glue to construct the strongest bridge possible. The bridges must be 5 in. wide & span a length of 18 in. Which of the following tests is the most accurate way to determine the strongest span design of these bridges? A. Roll toy cars across each bridge until it collapses B. Place concrete construction blocks on top of each bridge until it collapses C. Stack coins on both ends of each bridge until it collapses D. Place D Cell batteries at the center of each bridge until it collapses D.47%

57. MCAS Question a. Identify 1 example from the figure that represents a type of Arch Bridge b. Explain how an Arch Bridge is different from a Beam Bridge c. Identify 1 example from the figure that represents a type of Beam Bridge d. Explain how a Beam Bridge is different from a Suspension Bridge The figure below shows examples of bridge numbered 1 through 6.

58. Scoring Guide Score Point 4

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62. Scoring Guide Score Point 0