1. The Voyage Public Speaking Adapted from materials provided by Allyn and Bacon

2. Public Speaking Produces Anxiety in Most People 3. Death 2. Snakes 1. Public Speaking People’s Biggest Fears

3. Reducing Anxiety - Understand... The Communication Process Your Purpose People Want To Like You

4. Overcoming Speech Anxiety Acknowledge Your Fear Act Confident Channel Nervous Energy

5. Overcoming Speech Anxiety (con’t) Practice, Practice, Practice Simulate Setting at Home Ask Friends to Be Practice Audience

6. Overcoming Speech Anxiety (con’t) Visualize Your Success Use Deep-breathing Techniques Focus on Message, not Fear Give Yourself a Mental Pep Talk

7. Understand Communication Process and Barriers Sender/Receiver Encoder/Decoder Message Channel

8. Message&Channel Receivers/ Decoders Noise Context Feedback Frame of Reference Feedforward Frames of Reference Sender/ Encoder Understand Communication Process and Barriers

9. Understand Audience and Listening People Think Faster Than Hear Have Short Attention Span Jump to Conclusions Easily Distracted

10. Listening Remedies Keep Speech Focused Divide Speech into Compact Segments Analyze Audience Carefully Adapt to Situation

11. Understand Audience Memory Time Amount of Speech Remembered + + -

12. Understand The Speech Context Audience Setting

13. Context - The Audience Size Demographics Beliefs and Values Receptive/Antagonistic

14. Context - The Setting Indoor/Outdoor Size and Shape of Room Arrangement of Seating Equipment Available Lighting Acoustics

15. Understand & Define Your Purpose Inform Persuade Entertain Introduce Eulogize Accept Pay Tribute

16. Understand the Speech Making Process Choosing/Narrowing a Topic Researching Topic Organizing Your Speech Developing an Outline Developing Visual Aids Rehearsing Speech Delivering Speech

17. Choosing an Appropriate Topic Is It Important to You? Is It Important to Your Audience? Will It Hold Audience’s Attention? Is It Manageable in the Time Available? Is It Appropriate for Oral Presentation? Is It Clear?

18. The 4-H Voyage will provide the skills needed to succeed at DPA and in life. Develop Central Idea Write a one sentence summary of speech.

19. Generate Main Idea Does It Have Logical Divisions? Are There Reasons Why It Is True? Can You Support It? A... B... C... Because...

20. Narrowing a Topic - Example Protecting the Environment Water Quality in My State Well Water Problems Utilizing Home Well Assessments to Reduce Contamination Risk

21. Getting Topic Feedback From Members of Potential Audience From Friends From Family

22. Researching Topic and Finding Supporting Material Sources of Supporting Material Types of Supporting Material Tests of Supporting Material

23. Sources of Supporting Material Libraries – Books – Periodicals – Newspapers – Reference Materials – CD-ROM Data Bases – Government Documents

24. Sources of Supporting Material (con’t) The Internet/World Wide Web – Search Engines Infoseek Yahoo Lycos HotBot Google – Online Libraries

25. Types of Supporting Material Common Knowledge Direct Observation Examples & Illustrations Explanations & Descriptions Documents

26. Tests of Supporting Material Is Information Specific? Is Source an Expert? Is Source Unbiased? Is Information Timely?

27. Tests of Supporting Material (con’t) Is Information Relevant to Point Made? Does Information Support the Point? Is Information Timely?

28. Special Considerations for Online Information In Physical Print, Quality Is Controlled by Experts – Journals - Peer Review – Periodicals - Editors – Published Texts - Editors, Librarians Online, Must Do Own Quality Control – Beware! Everything On the Web Is Not ALL True

29. Organizing Your Speech Chronological Topical Spatial Cause-Effect Problem-Solution Comparison- Contrast

30. Types of Outlines Preliminary Outline (Rough-Draft) – Main points to research + Preparation Outline +Title & Topic +Purpose +Introduction +Main and Sub-Points +Transitions +Conclusion +Support/Evidence

31. Types of Outlines Speaker’s Outline – Introduction – Main Point – Support – Transitions – Conclusion

32. Ethics in Speech Preparation - Researching Take Accurate Notes When Researching Record Complete Source Citations Credit Source of Ideas When in Doubt, Cite Source

33. Don’t Use Someone Else’s Speech!

34. Introductions Types Functions

35. Types of Introductions Identification with Audience Reference to Situation Statement of Purpose Statement of Importance of Topic Surprise Audience with Claim or Statistic

36. Types of Introductions (con’t) Anecdotal Story Rhetorical Question Quotation Humor “So there I was at the summit of Mt. Killimanjaro, and I turned to the guide and said…”

37. Functions of Introductions Get Attention Introduce Topic Provide Motivation Establish Credibility Preview Speech

38. Conclusions Types Functions

39. Types of Conclusions Summary Quotation Personal Reference Challenge to Audience Offer Vision of the Future

40. Types of Conclusions Anecdotal Story Rhetorical Question Quotation Humor Remember what Dwight D. Eisenhower once said, “Things are more like they are now, than they have ever been before.”

41. Functions of Conclusions Summarize Speech Reemphasize Main Idea Motivate Response Provide Closure

42. Using Visual Aids What are the benefits? How will they effect attention? How will they effect memory?

43. Memory and Visual Aids Zayas-Baya, 1977

44. Guidelines for Using Visual Aids Make It Easy to See Keep It Simple Make It Consistent with Objective Maintain Eye Contact Talk about Visual Aid

45. More Guidelines for Using Visual Aids Don’t Pass Items Around No Dangerous or Illegal Aids Avoid Using Live Animals Prepare for Problems (Have Backups)

46. Types of Visual Aids Slides Posters Objects Models Handouts

47. Design Rules for Visual Aids - Size 72 PT 60 PT 44 PT 36 PT 32 PT 28 PT 24 PT 18 PT 14 PT Relative Type Sizes in Points

48. Design Rules for Visual Aids - Color

49. Design Rules for Visual Aids - Typeface

50. Design Rules for Visual Aids - Alignment & Proximity

51. Design Rules for Visual Aids - Contrast

52. Design Rules for Visual Aids - Repetition

53. Design Rules for Visual Aids - Repetition (con’t)

55. Design Rules for Visual Aids - Information Too Little

56. Design Rules for Visual Aids - Information Too Much

57. Design Rules for Visual Aids - Information Enough

58. Methods of Delivery Manuscript Reading Memorized Impromptu Extemporaneous

59. Delivering Speech - Beginning Walk Calmly with Confidence to Front Establish Eye Contact Smile Naturally Deliver Introduction

60. Delivering Speech - During Use Effective Eye Contact Use Effective Language Use Effective Gestures Be Enthusiastic Use Conversational Style Use Notes As Needed

61. Delivering Speech - Ending “Frame” the Speech Pause before Returning to Seat – But Don’t Ask for Questions Accept Applause Graciously

62. Using Visual Aids During the Speech Reveal Only When Needed Talk to Audience-Not Visual Aid Refer to Visual Aid Keep Visual Aid Visible As Needed Use Handouts with Caution

63. Elements of Vocal Delivery Speech Rate and Pauses Volume Inflection and Pitch Quality of Voice Pronunciation and Articulation

64. Elements of Physical Delivery or Body Language Appearance Posture Facial Expression Eye Contact Movement Gestures

65. Rehearsing Speech Recreate Setting Practice with Visual Aids Practice Without Memorizing Time Speech

66. Rehearsing Speech Practice Out Loud Practice Standing Up Watch Yourself

67. Rehearsing Speech Practice Gestures Practice Eye Contact Practice Volume

68. PLAN, PREPARE, POLISH, PRACTICE, PRESENT The better you know your material the less anxious you’ll be about presenting it. Smile and act natural. Don’t apologize for being nervous. No one will know you’re nervous unless you call attention to it.

69. REMEMBER!!!! Your Demonstration Is Only 50% of Your Total DPA Score Portfolio Score Counts 50 % Also – Make a portfolio plan – Use a calendar – Be ACTIVE in 4-H, school and community

70. SO… Becoming a Master 4-H’er or succeeding in business or in life is a process. Know where you are coming from, set your goals, plan to succeed, use your skills and GO FOR IT!