1. Inflation

2. General terms DEFLATION = opposite to inflation, occurs when the general level of prices is falling DISINFLATION = describe the process of reducing a nation’s rate of inflation STAGFLATION = high inflation in periods of high unemployment REVALFLATION = impact of inflation, where the result is an inner valorisation of exchange rate Rate of inflation

3. PRICE INDEXES Consumer price index (CPI) - each item is assigned a fixed weight proportional to its relative importance in consumer expenditure budget Producer price index (PPI) - measures the level of prices at the wholesale or producer stage GDP deflator – the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP  can be interpreted as a comprehensive price index

4. Numerical Example Calculate the consumer price index and the rate of inflation for 2006. Base year (2000) Weigh (%) Price 2006 Weigh(%) Price Food2010020102 Shelter5010050106 Medical care 3010030110

5. Categories of Inflation according to its pace/rate: MODERATE INFLATION – occurs when prices are rising slowly (we might classify this as single-digit annual inflation rates  0-10 % per year) GALLOPING INFLATION - occurs when prices start rising at double-or-triple digit rates (20, 100 % a year) HYPERINFLATION – the extraordinary price increase (at annual rate of 100 % or more prevailing in a nation for at least one year)

6. Inflation according to: a) its impact on individual commodity: Balanced – leaves relative prices unchanged  all prices are rising at the same percentage point each year  it doesn’t cause a change in consumption structure Unbalanced – some prices are increasing faster than the general price level  there can be seen an expressive impact on the demand and consumption structure b) predictability Anticipated Unanticipated Inertial inflation = tends to stay at its prior rate until shocked by economic events.

7. IMPACT OF INFLATION „cost of inflation“ 1) Redistribution of income and wealth 2) Social impacts 3) Impact on balance of economy

8. SUMMARY OF IMPACTS  there is no effect on real output, efficiency, or income distribution of an inflation that is both balanced and anticipated  generally, the economic impact of an unanticipated moderate inflation is mainly on the distribution of income and wealth, and less on the efficiency of the system  the mildest impact will be found when inflation is at a low rate – small, anticipated and balanced  major social and economic impacts arise for galloping inflation or hyperinflation

9. Causes of Inflations 1.DEMAND-PULL INFLATION - the essence of demand- pull inflation is too much spending beating against a limited supply 2. COST-PUSH INFLATION - first appeared during the 1930’s and the 1940’s - inflation caused by continual decrease in aggregate supply

10. THE PHILLIPS CURVE the Phillips curve depicts the relationship between unemployment and inflation, both in percent SHORT-RUN PHILLIPS CURVE a nation could buy a lower level of unemployment if it were willing to pay the price of a higher rate of inflation

11. The shifting Phillips curve „Boom cycle“ Period 1: unemployment is at the natural rate; no demand or supply surprises; economy is on the lower short-run Phillips curve Period 2: rapid increase in output during an economic expansion (f. e. as a result of expansion policy) lowers the unemployment rate  wages and prices begin to accelerate  the economy moves up and to the left along the short run PC Period 3: Firms and workers begin to expect higher inflation  higher expected rate of inflation gets incorporated into wage and price decisions  the short-run PC shifts upward Period 4: unemployment rate returns to the natural rate; contraction in economic activity brings output back to its potential.

12. The vertical Long-Run Phillips curve When the unemployment rate diverges from the NRU the inflation tends to change According to the natural rate theory, the only level of unemployment consistent with a stable inflation rate is the natural rate of unemployment the long-run PC is a vertical line rising straight up at the NRU

13. Two important implications for economic policy: 1) there is a minimum level of unemployment that an economy can sustain in the long run; 2) the nation can temporarily enjoy low rate of unemployment, but at the expense of rising inflation WAYS (COSTS) OF DISINFLATION: Temporary increase in unemployment above the NRU Income policies (wage- price control or voluntary guidelines)

14. 1. Calculate the CPI and IPD, if following amount of products was consumed in economy: Product1.Year2. Year PriceQuantityPriceQuantity A16120 00021142 000 B82031 00081533 100 C3 6002904 050270