1. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 10 — Nursing Diagnosis, Outcome Identification, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation

2. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Making accurate nursing diagnoses takes knowledge and practice. If the nurse uses a systematic approach to nursing diagnosis validation, then accuracy will increase. The process of making nursing diagnoses is difficult because nurses are attempting to diagnose human responses. Humans are unique, complex, and ever-changing; thus, attempts to classify these responses have been difficult.  Carpenito-Moyet, 2008

3. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to Articulate the purpose of using a nursing diagnosis in the psychiatric–mental health setting Distinguish among the four types of nursing diagnoses Explain the use of the phrase possible nursing diagnosis Understand the rationale for using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) or the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) in the psychiatric– mental health setting Describe the purpose of using mnemonics when developing a plan of care Discuss the rationale for using outcome identification as part of the nursing process

4. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Learning Objectives (cont.) Compare and contrast the use of the following when developing a plan of care: concept mapping, clinical pathways, concept mapping, critical pathways, and evidence-based nursing practice Construct a nursing care plan in the psychiatric setting Interpret the nurse’s role when implementing nursing interventions Explain the rationale for the evaluation phase of the nursing process

5. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Six Steps of the Nursing Process Assessment Nursing diagnosis Outcome identification Planning (formulation of a plan of nursing care) Implementation of nursing actions or interventions Evaluation of the client’s response to interventions

6. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nursing Diagnosis The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) defines a nursing diagnosis as a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community responses to actual or potential health problems or life processes. Cues Inferences Data List of defining characteristics

7. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Diagnostic Systems North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) diagnostic system Psychiatric–Mental Health Nursing (PMHN) diagnostic system

8. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Classification of Nursing Diagnosis Carpenito-Moyet (2008) Actual nursing diagnosis Risk nursing diagnosis Wellness nursing diagnosis Syndrome nursing diagnosis

9. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision Published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to ensure consistency and commonality of language Required by insurance companies for reimbursement Also used to identify and communicate accurate public health statistics Presents decision trees for differential diagnoses

10. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Outcome Identification When possible, the nurse, client, significant others, and multidisciplinary team members work together to formulate the outcomes. Measurable Client oriented Realistic Directly related to the nursing diagnosis

11. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Planning The planning phase involves developing a plan of care to guide therapeutic intervention and achieve expected outcomes. Standardized care plans Concept mapping Clinical pathways Critical pathways

12. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins General Principles for Plans of Care Individualize or personalize the plan Use simple, understandable language Be specific when stating nursing interventions Prioritize nursing care State expected outcomes Indicate the responsible party or discipline for each nursing intervention

13. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Implementation Evidence-based nursing practice is the process by which nurses make clinical decisions using the best available research evidence, their clinical expertise, and client preferences.

14. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Interventions for the Psychiatric–Mental Health Clinical Setting Counseling interventions to help the client improve or regain coping abilities Maintenance of a therapeutic environment or milieu Structured interventions to foster self-care and mental and physical well-being Psychological and biological interventions to restore the client’s health and prevent future disability Health education Case management Interventions to promote mental health and prevent mental illness

15. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Advanced Practice PMHN Interventions Individual, group, family, and child therapy Pharmacologic agent prescription Consultation with other health care providers

16. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Evaluation Four possible outcomes: The client may respond favorably or as expected to nursing interventions. Short-term outcomes (goals) may be met, but long- term goals may remain unmet. The client may be unable to meet or achieve any outcomes (goals). New problems or needs may be identified requiring the nurse to modify or revise the plan of care.

17. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Terms Actual nursing diagnosis Clinical pathways Critical pathways Cues Decision trees DSM-IV-TR Expected outcomes Inferences Mnemonics Nursing diagnosis Risk nursing diagnosis Standardized nursing care plans Syndrome nursing diagnosis Wellness nursing diagnosis

18. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Reflection Making accurate nursing diagnoses takes knowledge and practice. ? What difficulties have you experienced arriving at a nursing diagnosis as you developed a care plan for a client? How did you validate data? How did you classify your nursing diagnoses (eg, actual, risk, wellness, or syndrome diagnosis)?