1. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Education 2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3)

2. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Why focus on education? Education is one of the key enablers of demographic change, family welfare, and better health and nutrition Achievement of universal primary education a key goal of Indian planning since Independence Elimination of gender disparity in primary education is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG4 ) The spread of higher education is going to be key to sustaining the growth of the Indian economy

3. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Questions Explored Current School Attendance Are children attending school? Are children attending school? Are children attending school at an age-appropriate level? Are children attending school at an age-appropriate level? Literacy: Are we anywhere near universal literacy? Educational attainment: What is the level and trend in higher education? A curriculum note: Is there approval for the teaching of family life education in school?

4. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 ARE CHILDREN ATTENDING SCHOOL? Reference school year: 2005-06

5. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 What percentage of children age 6-17 years attended school in 2005-06? And by age (yrs)By residence……..

6. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 What percentage of boys and girls attended school in 2005-06?

7. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Gender Differentials in School Attendance by Residence In urban areas, gender disparity in school enrollment is negligible; but in rural India, gender disparity in school enrollment persists and increases sharply with age

8. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 School Attendance Rates by Sex and State in Urban Areas 5 states with less than 75% of boys attending school in urban areas are: Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar The differential in school attendance is highest at 9 percentage points in Haryana In several states, girls are more likely to be in school than boys

9. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Gender differentials in school attendance are much higher in rural than in urban area 11 states where 75% or fewer boys are in school, compared with 22 states where 75% or less girls are in school In Kerala, Delhi, Sikkim, Nagaland and Meghalaya more girls than boys are in school Gender differentials are 15-24 points in Rajasthan, Bihar, and Jharkhand; and 10 -14 points in Andhra Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Orissa, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh

10. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Distribution of School Dropouts by Reason for Not Attending School

11. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Age-Appropriate School Attendance Measured by estimating the net attendance rates (NAR) and gross attendance rates (GAR) for primary and secondary school-age population For primary school NAR: Children age 6-10 years in classes1-5 as a proportion of all children age 6-10 years GAR: All children in classes 1-5 as a proportion of all children age 6-10 years For secondary school NAR: Children age 11-17 years in classes 6-12 divided by all children age 11-17 years GAR: All children in classes 6-12 divided by all children age 11-17 years

12. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 NAR: Persistent gender inequality in rural areas and high drop out by the secondary level for boys and for girls Percent PRIMARY NAR SECONDARY NAR

13. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 GAR by Educational Level Percent PRIMARY GAR SECONDARY GAR

14. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Literacy: How close are we to achieving universal literacy? Every woman and man age 15-49 who had not completed class 6 years was asked to read a sentence from a preprinted card. Sentences were available in all major languages of each state In NFHS-3, persons are considered literate if They have completed at least class six, or They have completed at least class six, or They can read a whole or part of a sentence They can read a whole or part of a sentence

15. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Literacy among women has doubled in 30 years; however, even among the youngest one-fourth of women and one-tenth of men are illiterate Percent who are literate

16. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 The poorest women and scheduled-tribe women and men are least likely to be literate Residence Caste/tribeWealth index Percent literate

17. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Male literacy rates are 70+% in all states except Jharkhand. In 6 states including the most populous states, less than half of women 15-49 years of age are literate

18. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Educational Attainment of the Population Age 6 and Over MalesFemales

19. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Is India prepared to take on the challenge to sustain an economic growth rate of 8% or more per annum? Percent with at least 10 complete years of schooling

20. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 A Note for School Curricula: Is there approval for the teaching of family life education in school?

21. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Measuring the Acceptance of the Teaching of Family-Life Topics in School NFHS-3 asked all women and men age 15-49 whether they think that the following topics should be taught to children in school: Moral values Moral values Changes in the body at puberty (including menstruation) Changes in the body at puberty (including menstruation) Sex and sexual behaviour Sex and sexual behaviour Contraception Contraception HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Condom use to avoid sexually transmitted diseases Condom use to avoid sexually transmitted diseases Persons who said that the topic should be taught in school were asked at what age the topic should be first introduced All questions were asked separately with reference to girls and boys

22. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Percentage who agree that family-life related topics should be taught to children in school: Topic % of women who agree to teach: GirlsBoys Pubertal changes in boys’ bodies 5468 Pubertal changes in girls’ bodies 7641 Sex and sexual behaviour 4643 Contraception4942 HIV/AIDS6363 Condom use to prevent STDs 4443 % of men who agree to teach: % of men who agree to teach:GirlsBoys 6982 7764 6262 6564 8182 6870

23. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 At what age should the topic be first taught? At least 25% of women and 25% percent of men agree that topic should be first taught at age (in yrs): 10-1213-15 16 or more Pubertal changes in boys’ bodies Pubertal changes in girls’ bodies Sex and sexual behaviour Contraception HIV/AIDS Condom use to prevent STDs

24. NFHS- 3, India, 2005-06 Conclusions Universal primary school attendance is attainable in the short run, but only in urban areas In rural areas, one in five children age 6-10 is not attending school with a persistent gender gap Drop-out rates between primary and secondary school are very high for both girls and boys, though the gender gap also widens considerably With no more than one in five adults with 10+ years of education, education will be a major bottleneck for sustained economic growth in India There is widespread support among both women and men for teaching most family life education topics in school