1. BOSS: Building Operating System Services Stephen Dawson-Haggerty
BOSS: Building Operating System Services Stephen Dawson-Haggerty

2. motivation
Electricity grids are becoming more and more dynamic as a result of more renewable energy on the grid. Fossil-fuel-based firming is expensive, so it would be nice to modulate the loads in response to grid conditions and renewable availability.
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SDB Pretreat

3. motivation
Advanced control strategies for operating buildings are being developed in the lab, but pickup is hampered by the difficulty of getting your code into the building. Analyze the fault dependencies for me 
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4. motivation
Occupant-driven control strategies have seen savings as high as 50%, but require direct access to the building systems.
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5. Architecture components
outline
Problem overview
Use networked resources
Enable multiple control applications
Maintain system properties (robustness, discoverability…)
Architecture components
Hardware abstraction
Directory
Historian
Transaction manager
Control processes
1/11/13
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6. Does not address reliability when controlling across a networked
SCADA architecture
Does not address reliability when controlling across a networked
head-end
supervisory
panel
direct
device
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SDB Pretreat

7. existing solutions work around this issue
Standardized communications protocols
Completely partitioned implementation
“It’s a box”
OpenADR
WattStopper
head-end
BACNet
Implications for the types of solutions people try to deploy.
panel
device
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8. Security and authorization Hardware abstraction
design goals
Fault tolerance
Between domains
Isolation
Between processes, systems
Scheduling
Of users, changes
Security and authorization
Manage the principals
Hardware abstraction
Capture component relationships
Provide a namespace
Historical data
Process, query, reduce
multiprogramming
Go through MPC application and these requirements.
Challenges brought on by interconnection
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9. boss: a proposed architecture
Control processes
Fault tolerance
Isolation + Scheduling
“Kernel” interface
Security
Directory
History
Trans. mgr.
History
Functional components, interfaces, concerns.
Also the decomposition onto hardware is important – the transaction manager needs to be in the building, for instance.
Hardware Abstraction Layer
Abstraction
HPL
HPL
HPL
HPL
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10. hardware presentation
lots of underlying diversity & heterogeneity
sMAP
Electrical
Geographical
Occupancy
Water
Physical Information
Weather
Environmental
Actuator
Structural
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11. considerations and related work
Pub/Sub
JMS, TIBCO, AMQP, CORBA
TinyDB
Management
SNMP
Syndication
RSS/Atom, PubSubHubbub
XMPP, SenseAndrew, SenseWeb
Embeddability
CoAP/CORE, TinyWebServices
Industrial protocols
BACnet, OPC, DeviceNet
Protocol
Year
Network
Example Applications
Modbus
1979
RS-485, TCP/IP
Panel monitoring, alarms
Fieldbus/HART
1988
various
Industrial Control
BACnet
1995
ARCNET, Ethernet, IP, RS-232, etc.
HVAC, Lighting, Fire…
WirelessHART
2007 e
Industrial control, wire replacement
Zigbee SEP 2.0
2012?
Plug-load monitoring
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12. HPL: Represent sensors and actuators
Objects are time-series and collections
Represent the underlying sense and actuation points
Expose over HTTP
Time-series are durably identified
A collection of structured key-value pairs, data
Data is (time, value[, seqno]) vector {
"/" : {
"Contents" : ["sensor0"],
“Metadata” : { “SourceName” : “Example sMAP Source” }, },
"/sensor0" : { "Contents” :["channel1"] },
"/sensor0/channel0" : {
"uuid" : "a7f63910-ddc6-11e0-8ab9-13c4da852bbc",
"Readings" : [ [ , 12.5 ] ] }
collections
Lots of experiences validated in terms of value. Making this one change fixed a lot of things:
- can import efficiently
- uuid identifies data for good
- metadata tags data
timeseries
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13. meet data acquisition needs
6lowpan networks
sMAP
BMS Integration
Database integration
Commercial building retrofit
Residential deployment and automation
Large wireless network
sMAP
RS-485 bus
BacNET/IP
OPC-DA
sMAP
Name
Sensor Type
Access Method
Channels
ISO Data
CAISO, NYISO, PJM, MISO, ERCOT
Web scrape
1211
ACme devices
Plug-load electric meter
Wireless 6lowpan mesh
344
EECS submetering project
Dent Instruments PowerScout 18 electric meters
Modbus
4644
EECS steam and condensate
Cadillac condensate; Central Station steam meter
Modbus/TCP 13
UC Berkeley submetering feeds
ION 6200, Obvius Aquisuite; PSL pQube, Veris Industries E30
Mosbus/Ethernet, HTTP
4269
Sutardja Dai, Brower Hall BMS
Siemens Apogee BMS, Legrand WattStopper, Johnson Control BMS
BACnet/IP
4064
UC Davis submetering feeds
Misc., Schneider Electric ION
OPC-DA
34 (+)
Weather feeds
Vaisala WXT520 rooftop weather station; Wunderground
SDI-12, LabJack/Modbus, web scrape 33
CBE PMP toolkit
Dust motes; New York Times BMS
CSV import; serial
874
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14. 1/11/13
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15. Architecture components
outline
Problem overview
Extend control loops to cloud
Enable pluggable control applications
Maintain system properties (robustness, discoverability…)
Architecture components
Hardware abstraction
Directory
Historian
Transaction manager
Control processes
Timeline
1/11/13
SDB Pretreat

16. additional layer of complexity not in a computer OS
What if the bus were different on every computer?
Sankey diagram from Sensys 10, Fred Jiang
the authors' names: Nguyen Thi Hoang Lan
the title of the work: Module 2: Top-Level View of Computer Organization
the Connexions URL where the work can be found:
Nguyen Thi Hoang Lan,
1/11/13
SDB Pretreat

17. Architecture components
outline
Problem overview
Extend control loops to cloud
Enable pluggable control applications
Maintain system properties (robustness, discoverability…)
Architecture components
Hardware abstraction
Directory
Historian
Transaction manager
Control processes
Timeline
1/11/13
SDB Pretreat

18. historian modeling requires a log of sensor data
Limited real, open systems which do this well
Time series systems: wavelet systems, quick computations
Lookup table-based floating point compression
OpenTSDB = HBase + HDFS
OPC+HDA, OSI Pi, System S, Flume
MRO, Spark streaming
Medusa, Fjord, Telegraph[CQ]
SciDB
Write pattern
Append data to streams
Occasionally bulk-load
Read pattern
Range-query on timestamp
Process pattern
Clean, “join”, compute
SQL is quite clumsy for time-series processing…
Critical for empirical modeling when looking at stochastic physical systems.
Learned from experience.
1/11/13
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19. Extract data from 100 streams Interpolate onto a 5-minute time basis
Larry Ellison’s query
Extract data from 100 streams
Interpolate onto a 5-minute time basis
Filter missing data
Combine the streams into a matrix
Load into MATLAB/R/numpy
looks like pipes to me
Looked at 20k user-submitted queries
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20. Principles for physical data storage
Data is mostly array-like
Efficient “views” of data: subsampled/cleaned
Treat as 1st class objects
Use to govern retention and privacy
Flexible operators for repairing timestamps, unit conversion, time sampling
Compression/materialization control
Something like append-only RDD’s
sum < paste < window(mean, field="hour")
of data
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21. write load on readingdb6
Importing old data: 150k points/sec
Continuous write load: pts/sec
1/11/13
10 billion readings, 40k streams, 3.5bytes/record on disk
SDB Pretreat

22. What are the axes…
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23. Architecture components
outline
Problem overview
Extend control loops to cloud
Enable pluggable control applications
Maintain system properties (robustness, discoverability…)
Architecture components
Hardware abstraction
Directory
Historian
Transaction manager
Control processes
Timeline
1/11/13
SDB Pretreat

24. want cloud applications… with old-fashioned reliability
control transactions
want cloud applications… with old-fashioned reliability
1/11/13
SDB Pretreat

25. Use transaction metaphor to update state of the building
idea
Use transaction metaphor to update state of the building
Adjust set points
Replace control logic
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26. writer 1 value: 245cfm 245 writer 2 value: 280cfm 245 1/11/13
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27. BACnet priorities 280 245 writer 1 value: 245cfm priority: 3
priority array
writer 2 value: 280cfm priority: 1
<time passes>
writer 2 clear
writer 1 crashes 16
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present value: 245cfm
present value: 280cfm

28. Transaction building blocks
future work
Transaction building blocks
Lease time
Priority level
Abort/rollback notifications
Define levels of transaction isolation
Actuator: just prevent concurrent writes
System: use pre-defined hierarchal locking
Model-based: learn interaction model
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29. Thank You portable, robust applications for the physical environment
Hardware presentation layer: sMAP
Hardware abstraction layer: device-specific logic
Time-series service: the archiver
Reliable control inputs: the transaction manager
Security: the authorization service
1/11/13
SDB Pretreat