1. Medicine of the Ancient World Lecture 2

2. Lecture Plan 1.The Egyptian Medicine. 2.Medicine of the Peoples of Mesopotamia. Babylon and Assyria. 3.Medicine in India. 4.Medicine in China. 5.Ancient Greek Medicine. 6.Medicine in Ancient Rome.

3. Stages in the Development of Medicine Medicine of the Primitive Society 3,000,000 B.C. – 5,000 B.C. Medicine of the Ancient World 5,000 B.C. – 476 A.D. Medicine of the Middle Ages 476 – end of 17th century Renaissance Medicine 15th century Early Modern Medicine Medicine in the 20 th Century

4. ANCIENT MEDICINE TIMELINE Egypt 5,000 B.C. prehistoric China 4,000 B.C. India 3,000 B.C. Mesopotamia 3,000 B.C. medieval

5. Mesopotamian Medicine establishment of calendar invention of writing dawn of recorded history

6. Mesopotamian Medicine Scanty evidence clay tablets bearing cuneiform signs and seals used by physicians of ancient Mesopotamia the Code of Hammurabi (Babylonian king of the 18th century BC) inscribed on stone pillar, containing laws relating to the practice of medicine, and the penalties for failure

7. Mesopotamian Medicine !notable! every Babylonian was an amateur physician, since it was the custom to lay the sick in the street so that anyone passing by might offer advice

8. Mesopotamian Medicine !notable! divination, from the inspection of the liver of a sacrificed animal, was widely practiced to foretell the course of a disease

9. Ancient Egyptian Medicine Impact of Magic and Religion Impact of Magic and Religion Incantations Incantations Magical ingredients Magical ingredients Selection of remedies or ingredients Selection of remedies or ingredients (simila similibus principle) Amulets Amulets

10. Ancient Egyptian Medicine Amulets phylactictheophorichomopoeic

11. Ancient Egyptian Medicine Imhotep The first physician to emerge in Egypt is Imhotep, chief minister to King Djoser in the 3rd millennium BC, who designed one of the earliest pyramids, the Step Pyramid at Ṣ aqqārah, and who was later regarded as the Egyptian god of medicine and identified with the Greek god Asclepius. The first physician to emerge in Egypt is Imhotep, chief minister to King Djoser in the 3rd millennium BC, who designed one of the earliest pyramids, the Step Pyramid at Ṣ aqqārah, and who was later regarded as the Egyptian god of medicine and identified with the Greek god Asclepius.

12. Ancient Egyptian Medicine Sources of knowledge study of Egyptian papyri study of Egyptian papyri study of the artistic representation of disease in the Nile Valley study of the artistic representation of disease in the Nile Valley study of human remains of ancient Egyptians study of human remains of ancient Egyptians

13. Ancient Egyptian Medicine widespread practice of embalming the dead body scarce study of human anatomy

14. Ancient Egyptian Medicine Basic features medical institutions ranks of doctors specializations in the doctors

15. Ancient Indian Medicine Periods Golden age 800BC-1000AD Vedic medicine until 800 BC

16. Ancient Indian Medicine religion prohibited cutting the dead body knowledge of anatomy was limited

17. Ancient Indian Medicine Health of human body bile spirit (air) phlegm

18. Ancient Indian Medicine Human body bloodsemenfleshchilefatbone marrow

19. Surgical operations performed by Hindu surgeons: excision of tumours excision of tumours incision and draining of abscesses incision and draining of abscesses punctures to release fluid in the abdomen punctures to release fluid in the abdomen extraction of foreign bodies extraction of foreign bodies repair of anal fistulas repair of anal fistulas splinting of fractures splinting of fractures amputations amputations caesarean sections caesarean sections stitching of wounds stitching of wounds Ancient Indian Medicine

20. Outstanding operations performed by Hindus removal of bladder stones by lateral lithotomy

21. Ancient Indian Medicine Outstanding operations performed by Hindus PLASTIC SURGERY. Amputation of the nose and repair by cutting a piece of tissue from the patient's cheek or forehead and applying it to the stump of the nose

22. Ancient Chinese Medicine dualistic cosmic theory yang, male principle, active, light, heavens yin, female principle, passive, dark, earth

23. Ancient Chinese Medicine Human body waterwoodmetalfire earth

24. Ancient Chinese Medicine Organs of human body kidneysheartspleenlungs liver

25. Ancient Chinese Medicine Viscera of human body stomachintestinesgallbladderbladder

26. Ancient Chinese Medicine Basic features Moxibustion HydrotherapyAcupuncture

27. Ancient Greek Medicine Asclepius The divine Asclepius, the god of medicine, may have originated in a human Asclepius who lived about 1200 BC and is said to have performed many miracles of healing. The divine Asclepius, the god of medicine, may have originated in a human Asclepius who lived about 1200 BC and is said to have performed many miracles of healing.

28. Ancient Greek Medicine Temple medicine Exercises DietBath

29. Ancient Greek Medicine In the 5th century BC Empedocles set forth the view that the universe is composed of four elements—fire, air, earth, and water; this conception led to the doctrine of the four bodily humours: blood; phlegm; choler, or yellow bile; and melancholy, or black bile. In the 5th century BC Empedocles set forth the view that the universe is composed of four elements—fire, air, earth, and water; this conception led to the doctrine of the four bodily humours: blood; phlegm; choler, or yellow bile; and melancholy, or black bile. The maintenance of health was held to depend upon the harmony of the four humours. The maintenance of health was held to depend upon the harmony of the four humours.

30. Ancient Greek Medicine The equilibrium of the four humours: The equilibrium of the four humours: black bile black bile yellow bile yellow bile (red) blood (red) blood (green) phlegm (green) phlegm

31. Ancient Greek Medicine Hippocrates: Hippocrates: Epilepsy “is not any more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause, and its supposed divine origin is due to man's inexperience. Every disease has its own nature, and arises from external causes.” Epilepsy “is not any more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural cause, and its supposed divine origin is due to man's inexperience. Every disease has its own nature, and arises from external causes.”

32. Ancient Greek Medicine Hippocratic oath Hippocratic oath an ethical code, an ideal, an appeal for right conduct an ethical code, an ideal, an appeal for right conduct

33. Ancient Rome Medicine Basic features unrivalled water supply domestic sanitation adequate disposal of sewage good hospitals

34. Дякую за увагу! Thank you for your attention! Merci de votre attention! Dziękuję za uwagę! Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!