1. Social Structure Structural Functionalism Revisited What Holds Us Together As A Society Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Who Holds Us Together As A Society Groups, Leaders, and Organizations

2. Structural- Functionalism Expressive & Instrumental Variables Ascription & Achievement: the origins of qualities someone might bring to social interactions or situations Affectivity & Affective Neutrality: the amount of emotion or affect that is appropriate in any social interaction Diffuseness & Specificity: the strength of ties which create a range of obligations to other actors in any social interaction Particularism & Universalism: the reactions to others based on their relationship with us Collectivity & Self-Seeking: the extent of self- or shared-interest associated with social actions Manifest And Latent Functions Manifest Functions are obvious and agreed upon Latent Functions are not intended or easily recognized T. Parsons and R. Merton

3. Social Structure Mechanical Solidarity: Gemeinschaft: “community” Common to preindustrial/traditional societies Minimal divisions of labor We are united by shared values, rituals, and common social bonds (friendship/kinship) What Holds Us Together As A Society? Organic Solidarity: Gesellschaft: “association” Common to industrial/urban societies Lots of specialization We are united by mutual dependence and rational calculations about each others’ value to our “project” E. Durkheim F. Tonnies

4. Social Structure Groups: Groups: Social Group: A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have some kind of interdependence Primary & Secondary Groups: Size And Relationship Aggregates And Categories: Proximity And Similarity Ingroups And Outgroups : Sense Of Belonging Web Of Group Affiliations Groupthink, Conformity, And Collective Effervescence Who Holds Us Together As A Society? C. Cooley W. Sumner G. Simmel

5. Social Structure Leadership: Leadership: Leaders: Members of a group who are responsible for directing the plans and activities of the group in order to enable it to complete its tasks or fulfill its goals Instrumental And Expressive Origins Of Leadership Traditional Rational Charismatic Styles Of Leadership Authoritarian Democratic Laissez-Faire Who Holds Us Together As A Society? M. Weber

6. Social Structure Formal Organizations: Formal Organizations: A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner Types Of Organizations Normative Coercive Utilitarian Bureaucratic Organizations Hierarchy Of Authority Division Of Labor Written Rules & Procedures Merit-Based Assignments Impersonal Orientation Who Holds Us Together As A Society? M. Weber