1. Sulphuric acid H 2 SO 4 Jitka Krouská Eva Čechová FCH VUT 2005

2. History  9 th century: Islamic physician and alchemist Ibn Zakariya al-Razi - heated green vitriol FeSO 4. 7H 2 O and blue vitriol CuSO 4. 5H 2 O  dilute solution of sulfuric acid  13 th century: German alchemist Albert Magnus  17 th century: German-Dutch chemist Johann Glauber – burned sulphur with saltpeter (potassium nitrate - KNO 3 )  18 th century: Joseph Gay-Lussac, John Glover – lead chamber process  19 th century: Peregrine Phillips – contact process dilute - zředěný, saltpeter – ledek, lead chamber – Pb komora

3. Physical and chemical properties molar mass 98,08 g/mol, dibasic acid appearance clear, colourless, corrosive, odorless oil, not flammable density 1,84 g/cm 3 at 20°C boiling point 337°C melting point 10°C pK a 1,99 special form oleum (when high conc. of SO 3 is added) viscosity 26,7 cP at 20°C solubility in water fully miscible (exotermic process)

4. Manufacture of H 2 SO 4 two basic methods: 1. lead chamber process 2. contact process

5. Lead chamber process Lead chamber process  hot sulphur dioxide SO 2 gas enters the reactor called a Glover tower  mixes with nitric oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO 2, dissolves in it  some of the sulphur dioxide forms the acid (Glover acid - about 78% H 2 SO 4 )  mixture of gases (including sulphur dioxide and trioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen, oxygen, and steam)  lead-lined chamber, reaction with water  sulphuric acid is formed by a complex series of reactions  condensation on the walls of the chamber (3 - 12 chambers in a series)  chamber acid (contains 62% to 68% H 2 SO 4 ) Glover tower – called after John Glover

6. Contact process - based on the catalytic oxidation of SO 2 1. Solid sulfur, S(s), is burned in the air to form SO 2 S(s) + O 2 (g) -----> SO 2 (g) 2. In the presence of a vanadium catalyst (vanadium (V) oxide) – production of SO 3 (g) 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) -----> 2SO 3 (g) 3. SO 3 (g) is dissolved in 98% (18M) H 2 SO 4, to produce disulfuric acid or pyrosulfuric acid, also known oleum, H 2 S 2 O 7 SO 3 (g) + H 2 SO 4 ------> H 2 S 2 O 7 SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) -----> H 2 SO 4 (l) (slow) 4. water is added to H 2 S 2 O 7 to form H 2 SO 4 H 2 S 2 O 7 (l) + H 2 O(l) -----> 2H 2 SO 4 (l) vanadium (V) oxide – V 2 O 5

7. The sulphuric acid industry  fertilisers, acid rain  chemicals like laboratory reagent  dyes and pigments  catalyst  iron and steel industry  rayon and film  industrial explosive  pulp and paper industry, metal i., car i.  electrochemistry (electrolyte) – lead accumulator  raw material for manufacture of H 3 PO 4,... fertiliser – hnojivo, rayon – umělé hedvábí, raw material- surovina

8. Health hazard pulmonary edema pulmonary edema burning sensation burning sensation coughing coughing wheezing wheezing shortness of breath shortness of breath headache, nausea headache, nausea vomiting vomiting R/S statements: R/S statements: R: 35 S: 26, 30, 45 pulmonary edema – plicní embolie, burning sensation – pocit rozehřátí, wheezing – dýchavičnost, nausea – mdlo, vomiting - zvracení

9. Sources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric_acid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric_acid http://www.akerkvaerner.com/Internet/IndustriesAndServices/Metals/AcidPl ants/SulphuricAcidConcentration.htm http://www.akerkvaerner.com/Internet/IndustriesAndServices/Metals/AcidPl ants/SulphuricAcidConcentration.htm http://www.na-ag.com/NA_en/rohstoffe/roh_schwefel http://www.na-ag.com/NA_en/rohstoffe/roh_schwefel http://www.uyseg.org/greener_industry/pages/sulphuric_acid/2SulphuricAci dUses.htm http://www.uyseg.org/greener_industry/pages/sulphuric_acid/2SulphuricAci dUses.htm http://www.pollutionengineering.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/products/BNP ProductItem/0,6654,150482,00.html http://www.pollutionengineering.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/products/BNP ProductItem/0,6654,150482,00.html http://www.noram-eng.com/technologies/sulphuric.html http://www.noram-eng.com/technologies/sulphuric.html http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/5/chemistry/catalysis/catsch3pg4.h tml http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/5/chemistry/catalysis/catsch3pg4.h tml http://www.ausetute.com.au/sulfacid.html http://www.ausetute.com.au/sulfacid.html http://www.ratson.com/chemicals/sulfuric.htm http://www.ratson.com/chemicals/sulfuric.htm

10. Thank you for your attention!