1. ICTs for Development (ICT4D)
4/19/2017
ICTs for Development (ICT4D)
Multimedia Training Kit <

2. Aims for this session Participants will be able to:
4/19/2017
Aims for this session
Participants will be able to:
Explain the general issues and engage in debate about the role of ICTs in development
Describe challenges of implementing ICTs in developing countries
Be able to access, assess and use basic ICT indicators

3. Defining the digital divide
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Defining the digital divide
The term digital divide refers to the increasing access gap between those who have and those who do not have:
access to information and communication technologies;
access to content that benefits them socially and economically;
skills to take advantage of ICT services;
the ability to afford to pay for digital services.

4. 4/19/2017
What is ICT4D?
ICT4D is concerned with using new and existing technologies to extend the reach of communication and information resources.
Facilitating access to ICT resources, and promoting their effective use makes these information and communication initiatives much more complex and dynamic.

5. 4/19/2017
Drivers of ICT4D
The Missing Link (extending basic telecom infrastructure to all)
Rise of Civil Society
Communication Rights
Globalization and Information Networks

6. APC internet rights charter
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APC internet rights charter
The Right to Communicate
Freedom of expression and information exchange
Diversity, ownership and control of content
Free/open source software, technology development and intellectual property rights
Privacy
Global, regional and national governance of the Internet
Awareness, protection and realisation of rights
ASK THE STUDENTS: Should access to telecommunications be considered a ‘Right’?

7. Four pillars of the CRIS campaign
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Four pillars of the CRIS campaign
Communication Rights in the Information Society:
Creating spaces for democratic environments;
Reclaiming the use of knowledge and the public domain;
Reclaiming civil and political rights in the information society; and
Securing equitable and affordable access.
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8. Different ICT4D components
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Different ICT4D components
access to ICTs
ability to use ICTs
actual use of ICTs
impact of using ICTs.

9. Bridges.org – Real Access
4/19/2017
Bridges.org – Real Access
Affordability
Capacity
Relevant content
Integration
Socio-cultural factors
Trust
Political will
Legal and regulatory framework
Local economic environment
Macro economic environment

10. Real Access Criteria (1)
4/19/2017
Real Access Criteria (1)
Affordability
Is technology access affordable for people to use?
Capacity
Do people understand how to use technology and its potential uses?
During this part of the workshop, participants should be encouraged to contribute examples and views on their own national situation with regards to the ten Real Access criteria.

11. Real Access Criteria (2)
4/19/2017
Real Access Criteria (2)
Relevant content
Is there locally relevant content, especially in terms of language?
Integration
Does the technology further burden people's lives or does it integrate into daily routines?

12. Real Access Criteria (3)
4/19/2017
Real Access Criteria (3)
Socio-cultural factors
Are people limited in their use of technology based on gender, race, or other socio-cultural factors?
Trust
Do people have confidence in and understand the implications of the technology they use, for instance in terms of privacy, security, or cybercrime?

13. Real Access Criteria (4)
4/19/2017
Real Access Criteria (4)
Political will
Is there political will in government to do what is needed to enable the integration of technology throughout society?
Legal and regulatory framework
How do laws and regulations affect technology use and what changes are needed to create an environment that fosters its use?

14. Real Access Criteria (5)
4/19/2017
Real Access Criteria (5)
Local economic environment
Is there a local economy that can and will sustain technology use?
Macro economic environment
Is national economic policy conducive to widespread technology use, for example, in terms of transparency, deregulation, investment, and labour issues?

15. Debate on the priority of ICTs for development – against
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Debate on the priority of ICTs for development – against
Critics argue:
ICTs are a waste of money
Funding should be directed to more important areas of impact and real need
There is the risk of disillusionment
ICTs will not necessarily provide benefits and may infact open people up to new forms of harm
There has been a significant amount of literature criticising the approach that has been followed for introducing ICTs in developing countries.
That approach had been based on a technology supply-side solution, which took little account of the needs and information and communication demands of the the community or the end users.
This supply side approach has generally failed, even if in some cases some benefits have derived from it.
That criticism has certainly benefited some of the newer more holistic approaches that has become at least the norm in ICT programmes plans, even if they are not fully implemented in reality.
For the last point, gender related perpretation of harm is of particular concern.

16. Debate on the priority of ICTs for development – pro
4/19/2017
Debate on the priority of ICTs for development – pro
Supporters argue:
The digital divide will become perilously wider if ICTs are not promoted
ICTs can support other social and economic goals to improve peoples lives
Access to ICTs and participation in the Information Society will have far reaching benefits
In particular, the presenter should discuss the notion of “network effects”.
A positive network effect means, for example, that a telephone network has more value if the people you want to communicate with are also connected to the network. The more participants a network attracts, the more its value increases.
Examples of negative network effects would be a farmer not having access to market prices and competing with others who did; or exclusion from the network because ICT infrastructure reach or costs are prohibitive because of sufficient economies of scale.
There is a future component to increased marginalisation and exclusion from networks.

17. United Nations Millennium Development Goals
4/19/2017
United Nations Millennium Development Goals
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

18. United Nations Millennium Development Goals
4/19/2017
United Nations Millennium Development Goals
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development.
Target 18: In cooperation with the private sector make available the benefits of new technologies, specifically information and communications.
Indicator 47: Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population.
Indicator 48: Personal computers in use per 100 population and Internet users per 100 population.

19. ICTs and development goals (education)
4/19/2017
ICTs and development goals (education)
ICTs as a subject: information literacy, programming and other related skills.
Computer-based training and distance education
Access to learning communities
Access to increased and up-to-date information
Development sectors and the potential for ICTs.
ICT & Education:
ICT is a subject that is important for young people to study as there are likely to be many future job opportunities. For example, Malaysia has a policy of having all students using a computer at school from the age of seven.
ICT can support education in other subjects through Computer Based Training (CBT) and Distance Education. CBT can teach any subject at the student’s own pace, and distance education supports collaborative sharing of experience.
The Internet has more information than libraries and is constantly updated. People can access the latest information and not rely on older textbooks that frequently become outdated.

20. ICTs and development goals (health)
4/19/2017
ICTs and development goals (health)
Telemedicine: broadband applications – from health clinic to hospital
Telehealth: phone and computer support for clinic management and information flows
Information sharing: information and exchange on health priorities, e.g. HIV / AIDS, TB, cholera
Epidemiology: statistics and information to support knowledge and disease management
ICT & Health:
Telemedicine supports medical procedures over broadband network connection (e.g. medical expert in city directing intervention in a rural health clinic). There are some pilot projects of this, but it is very expensive and not in widespread use in developing countries. However, Ethiopia has successfully used telemedicine to allow the few trained radiologists to give diagnoses to various hospitals.
Telehealth can assist in management and procedures at clinics throughout the country.
The internet can provide very good information on many health issues, especially for HIV/AIDS related areas. There are good forums and discussions to share experience and ask advice.
Epidemiology: ICTs can be used to collect health information and statistics of use to national and international disease management.

21. ICTs and development goals (SMMEs)
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ICTs and development goals (SMMEs)
ICTs can support routine business operations: accounts, letters, plans
ICTs can be an opportunity themselves: training, support, sale, program, web
Linking suppliers directly to markets: reducing role of intermediaries
Info for tenders, linking SMMEs, support & funding, supply and sales chain
E-Commerce opportunities
ICTs and Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs – small business):
While ICT can support SMMEs, it should also be emphasised that ICT4D projects can also provide support to the private sector by creating awareness about services and applications; providing training necessary to create a critical mass of users; and by offering test-bed opportunities for assessing markets for new technologies and services.

22. ICTs and development goals (governance)
4/19/2017
ICTs and development goals (governance)
Access to government information, services and processes
Transparency of governance
Mitigation of corruption
Access to representatives: constituents direct link to members of Parliament
ICT & Governance:
ICTs can support the link between people and government, supporting democracy and democratic participation. However, ICTs are only a tool which requires a political will to do this.
Conversely, ICTs can and are used for increasing surveillance and repression.
ICTs can allow an increased link between people and their government, providing easier access to a range of government information and services. For example, visas and drivers licences can be obtained using online forms – meaning that travel to a city is not required.
E-government is the term used to provide information and services online for internal efficiency and greater links to the population.
ICT networks can strengthen links between citizens and the member of parliament (where there is a constituency system)

23. Review of the debate on ICT for development (1)
4/19/2017
Review of the debate on ICT for development (1)
Although the costs of new information infrastructure are high, the future costs of not doing so are much higher
ICT is a priority for development but requires national level strategies and support
ICTs should be development focused
A best practice formula is not possible because of developing countries diversity
The key concepts to be emphasised here are:
Network effects
Political will
Real Access criteria

24. Review of the debate on ICT for development (2)
4/19/2017
Review of the debate on ICT for development (2)
There is general agreement that ICTs are a powerful tool for development and there is commitment from international institutions.
What are some best practices for ICT implementation with a development focus?
Review ...
Much time and effort is lost in this debate. Participants should now be conversant in the fundamental reasons for supporting ICT for development initiatives.
A more useful question then becomes how we can use ICTs with a development focus.
There a number of important multilateral resources that are committed to this, including the World Bank, the IDRC, CIDA, AUSAID, USAID, CTO, G8 and many others. They have all committed vast amounts of money to assist developing countries in this effort.

25. Models for ICT4D implementation
4/19/2017
Models for ICT4D implementation
Community driven initiatives
Private Public Partnerships
Pro poor, pro market strategies
Public service models
Question
What are the implications of these different models in terms of project or programme and:
Designing the project or programme
Ownership
Management
Intersection and integration with other social goals (e.g. education, health, governance)

26. Regulatory issues Universal service Consumer advocacy Pricing policies
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Regulatory issues
Universal service
Consumer advocacy
Pricing policies
Interconnection agreements
Efficient use of resources
Licencing for internet service providers
Spectrum licencing
Do the participants know where to find out information about these regulatory issues?

27. Indicators What are indicators?
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Indicators
What are indicators?
What kind of information do indicators provide?
Where can indicators be obtained?
This slide introduces what will be covered in the next four slides on Indicators.
Do participants already use indicators in their work?

28. What do indicators measure?
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What do indicators measure?
Infrastructure roll-out
teledensity, computers per household, waiting lists, etc.
ICT use
number of internet hosts, international telephone traffic, etc.
Other factors
literacy, school completion rates, demographics, etc.

29. What kind of information do indicators provide?
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What kind of information do indicators provide?
Quantitative indicators
Qualitative information
Relative terms
Absolute terms
There are different ways of measuring and assessing information.
It is important to stress that indicators are NOT NEUTRAL. Sometimes they are used in a misleading fashion. It is important to be critical of indicators.
A quantitative survey or assessment counts things: how many phone lines exist, how many homes and schools have computers, etc.
However, as seen in the section on Real Access criteria (above), measuring the digital divide is complicated by qualitative factors: aspects that are not easily counted, but which have bearing on how effectively ICTs are deployed.
QUESTION: what kinds of information are not measured by quantitative indicators?
Absolute terms: The overall number of telephones, or the total amount of investment in a sector, etc.
Relative terms: assessing numbers in their context: Teledensity is a good example to use here (number of telephones per 100 inhabitants).
However, teledensity does not measure shared phone use, for example.

30. Where can indicators be obtained?
4/19/2017
Where can indicators be obtained?
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Measuring the Information Society website (UNCTAD)
World Bank Data and Statistics
National Regulatory Authorities
Regional Regulatory Organisations
Research Organisation
These sources provide basic ICT and demographic indicator information.
There are also important regional sources of information – such as Research ICT Africa (these sources are all available in the ICT4D Resources handout.
Participants should be encouraged to share their sources for indicator information.

31. 4/19/2017
Summary
Access to and opportunities for productive use of ICTs, engenders economic and social empowerment and facilitates participation and democracy.
ICTs are fundamental for achieving development goals.
It is important to set goals and to chart progress – at local to international levels.