2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS PERU PART 4: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN PERU FLOODS WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

4. Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric- mantle collision- zone interactions cause VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

5. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

6. VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of movement along faults located in subduction zones or at hot spots (e.g., Hawaii and Iceland).

7. VOLCANOES Peru is located in the heart of the Andean mountain chain, which is an unbroken series of high-mountain peaks that stretch southward from Columbia to Argentina.

8. VOLCANOES Peru has 16 of the “Ring of fire” volcanoes; the most famous being: El Misti volcano, Coropuna volcano, Chachani volcano, Sabancaya volcano, and Ubinas volcano. At present, Sabancaya and Ubinas are the most active volcanoes in Peru, producing significant eruptions in 1988-1994 and 2006-2008.

9. VOLCANOES The South American plate exhibits some of the best examples of continental-margin magmatism found anywhere in the world.

10. SOUTH AMERICAN MOUNTAIN BUILDING

11. SOUTH AMERICAN VULCANISM

12. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., volcanic eruptions,,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

13. Disasters are caused by s ingle- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

14. THE REASONS ARE... The community is UN- PREPARED for what will likely happen

15. THE REASONS ARE... When it does happen, the community LOSES the functions of its buildings and infrastructure at a time when they are needed most.

16. THE REASONS ARE... The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.

17. THE REASONS ARE... The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

18. THE REASONS ARE... The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

19. TOWARDS VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE

20. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

21. PERU’S COMMUINITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS VOLCANO HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION VOLCANO RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

22. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) VERTICAL PLUME ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

23. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) LAVA FLOWS LAHARS EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) “VOLCANIC WINTER”

24. LATERAL BLAST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ASH LAVA FLOWS LAHARS TOXIC GASES CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

25. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY HAZARDS (PDA’s) IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

26. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVACUATION AND DISASTER RESILIENCE

27. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL VOLCANOES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

28. LAST ERUPTIONS OF PERU’S NOTABLE VOLCANOES COROPUNA: 11,000 YEARS AGO CHACHANI: 11,000 YEARS AGO EL MISTI: 1784 UBINAS:2006-2008 SABANCAYA: 1988-1994; 2013

29. PERU’S COROPUNA

30. PERU’S CHACHANI AND EL MISTI

31. PERU’S EL MISTI: ASLEEP, BUT A THREAT

32. PERU’S EL MISTI: APRIL 2007

33. Ubinas, which had its last significant eruption in 2008, is Peru’s most active volcano.

34. PERU’S UBINAS VOLCANO: 2006

35. EVACUATION Nearby towns were evacuated during the 2006 eruptions, which killed livestock and caused significant respiratory and eye problems for surrounding residents

36. PERU’S UBINAS VOLCANO

39. LOCATION OF UBINAS VOLCANO

40. AREQUIPA: AT RISK

42. PERU’S SABANCAYA

43. Sabancaya is an active 5,976-metre (19,606 ft) stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru, about 100 km (62 mi) northwest of Arequipa.

44. THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S HISTORY In July 1986, after over 200 years of dormancy, satellites detected an increase in thermal emission, and intense volcanic activity resumed in December.

45. THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S HISTORY (Continued) Several eruptive cycles occurred over the next two years (1987-1988), producing a lava dome in the crater.

46. THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S HISTORY (Continued) The most sustained period of activity began with explosive eruptions (VEI 3) on May 28, 1990, and continued for over eight years.

47. THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S HISTORY (Continued) The eruptive cycle produced more than 25 million cubic meters of lava flows and tephra during that period.

48. THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S HISTORY (Continued) At the height of the activity in 1994, eruptions producing large ash clouds occurred every two hours.

49. THUMBNAIL OF SABANCAYA’S HISTORY (Continued) A small eruption occurred on February 23, 2013.

50. A SNAPSHOT IN TIME OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY: AUGUST 2009

51. THE MOST COMMON FLAWS EXPOSED BY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS UN—PREPARED FOR WHAT HAPPENED UN---WARNED; NO EVACUATION UN---ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY; LIVES LOST

52. VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE STRATEGIES

53. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITIES PURPOSE PROTECTION CONTROL AVIATION SAFETY PURPOSE PROTECTION CONTROL AVIATION SAFETY TECHNIQUE DESIGN ROOFS FOR WET ASH LAVA AND/OR LAHAR DIVERSION CHANNELS MODELS OF ASH DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUE DESIGN ROOFS FOR WET ASH LAVA AND/OR LAHAR DIVERSION CHANNELS MODELS OF ASH DISTRIBUTION

54. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT FORECASTS OF ERUPTIONS MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., DEFORMATION, SEISMICITY, GAS EMISSIONS, REMOTE SENSING, WINDS) WARNING SYSTEMS FORECASTS OF ERUPTIONS MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., DEFORMATION, SEISMICITY, GAS EMISSIONS, REMOTE SENSING, WINDS) WARNING SYSTEMS HISTORIC DATABASES FOR EACH VOLCANO COMPUTER MODELS OF EACH VOLCANO HAZARD MAPS DISASTER SCENARIOS HISTORIC DATABASES FOR EACH VOLCANO COMPUTER MODELS OF EACH VOLCANO HAZARD MAPS DISASTER SCENARIOS

55. UBINAS VOLCANO HAZARD ZONE MAP

56. MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES.

57. SATTELITE MONITORING CAN PROVIDE EARLY WARNING.

58. PERU’S NEXT VOLCANIC ERUPTION IS INEVITABLE SO, INCLUDE THE BEST POSSIBLE ”WHAT IF” PLANS ABOUT THE NEXT MOST LIKELY ERUPTION