1. McGraw-Hill /Irwin© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. TIME VALUE OF MONEY CONCEPTS Chapter 6

2. Slide 2 6-2 Simple Interest Interest amount = P × i × n Assume you invest $1,000 at 6% simple interest for 3 years. You would earn $180 interest. ($1,000 ×.06 × 3 = $180) (or $60 each year for 3 years)

3. Slide 3 6-3 Compound Interest Assume we deposit $1,000 in a bank that earns 6% interest compounded annually. What is the balance in our account at the end of three years?

4. Slide 4 6-4 Future Value of a Single Amount The future value of a single amount is the amount of money that a dollar will grow to at some point in the future. Assume we deposit $1,000 for three years that earns 6% interest compounded annually. $1,000.00 × 1.06 = $1,060.00 and $1,060.00 × 1.06 = $1,123.60 and $1,123.60 × 1.06 = $1,191.02

5. Slide 5 6-5 Future Value of a Single Amount Writing in a more efficient way, we can say.... $1,191.02 = $1,000 × [1.06] 3 FV = PV (1 + i ) n Future Value Future Value Amount Invested at the Beginning of the Period Interest Rate Interest Rate Number of Compounding Periods Number of Compounding Periods Using the Future Value of $1 Table, we find the factor for 6% and 3 periods is 1.19102. So, we can solve our problem like this... FV = $1,000 × 1.19102 FV = $1,191.02

6. Slide 6 6-6 Present Value of a Single Amount Instead of asking what is the future value of a current amount, we might want to know what amount we must invest today to accumulate a known future amount. This is a present value question. Present value of a single amount is today’s equivalent to a particular amount in the future.

7. Slide 7 6-7 Present Value of a Single Amount Remember our equation? FV = PV (1 + i) n We can solve for PV and get.... FV (1 + i ) n PV =

8. Slide 8 6-8 Present Value of a Single Amount Assume you plan to buy a new car in 5 years and you think it will cost $20,000 at that time. today What amount must you invest today in order to accumulate $20,000 in 5 years, if you can earn 8% interest compounded annually?

9. Slide 9 6-9 Present Value of a Single Amount i =.08, n = 5 Present Value Factor =.68058 $20,000 ×.68058 = $13,611.60 If you deposit $13,611.60 now, at 8% annual interest, you will have $20,000 at the end of 5 years.

10. Slide 10 6-10 FV = PV (1 + i ) n Future Value Future Value Present Value Present Value Interest Rate Interest Rate Number of Compounding Periods Number of Compounding Periods There are four variables needed when determining the time value of money. If you know any three of these, the fourth can be determined. Solving for Other Values

11. Slide 11 6-11 Determining the Unknown Interest Rate Suppose a friend wants to borrow $1,000 today and promises to repay you $1,092 two years from now. What is the annual interest rate you would be agreeing to? a.3.5% b.4.0% c.4.5% d.5.0% Present Value of $1 Table $1,000 = $1,092 × ? $1,000 ÷ $1,092 =.91575 Search the PV of $1 table in row 2 (n=2) for this value.

12. Slide 12 6-12 Monetary assets and monetary liabilities are valued at the present value of future cash flows. Accounting Applications of Present Value Techniques—Single Cash Amount Monetary Assets Money and claims to receive money, the amount which is fixed or determinable Monetary Liabilities Obligations to pay amounts of cash, the amount of which is fixed or determinable

13. Slide 13 6-13 Some notes do not include a stated interest rate. We call these notes noninterest-bearing notes. Even though the agreement states it is a noninterest-bearing note, the note does, in fact, include interest. We impute an appropriate interest rate for a loan of this type to use as the interest rate. No Explicit Interest

14. Slide 14 6-14 Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7 “Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements” The objective of valuing an asset or liability using present value is to approximate the fair value of that asset or liability. Expected Cash Flow Approach

15. Slide 15 6-15 An annuity is a series of equal periodic payments. Basic Annuities

16. Slide 16 6-16 An annuity with payments at the end of the period is known as an ordinary annuity. Ordinary Annuity End of year 1 $10,000 1234 Today End of year 2 End of year 3 End of year 4

17. Slide 17 6-17 An annuity with payments at the beginning of the period is known as an annuity due. Annuity Due Beginning of year 1 $10,000 1234 Today Beginning of year 2 Beginning of year 3 Beginning of year 4

18. Slide 18 6-18 Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity To find the future value of an ordinary annuity, multiply the amount of the annuity by the future value of an ordinary annuity factor.

19. Slide 19 6-19 Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity We plan to invest $2,500 at the end of each of the next 10 years. We can earn 8%, compounded interest annually, on all invested funds. What will be the fund balance at the end of 10 years?

20. Slide 20 6-20 Future Value of an Annuity Due To find the future value of an annuity due, multiply the amount of the annuity by the future value of an annuity due factor.

21. Slide 21 6-21 Future Value of an Annuity Due Compute the future value of $10,000 invested at the beginning of each of the next four years with interest at 6% compounded annually.

22. Slide 22 6-22 Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity You wish to withdraw $10,000 at the end of each of the next 4 years from a bank account that pays 10% interest compounded annually. How much do you need to invest today to meet this goal?

23. Slide 23 6-23 PV1 PV2 PV3 PV4 $10,000 1234 Today Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity

24. Slide 24 6-24 If you invest $31,698.60 today you will be able to withdraw $10,000 at the end of each of the next four years. Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity

25. Slide 25 6-25 Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity Can you find this value in the Present Value of Ordinary Annuity of $1 table? More Efficient Computation $10,000 × 3.16986 = $31,698.60

26. Slide 26 6-26 Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity How much must a person 65 years old invest today at 8% interest compounded annually to provide for an annuity of $20,000 at the end of each of the next 15 years? a. $153,981 b. $171,190 c. $167,324 d. $174,680 PV of Ordinary Annuity $1 Payment $ 20,000.00 PV Factor × 8.55948 Amount $171,189.60

27. Slide 27 6-27 Present Value of an Annuity Due Compute the present value of $10,000 received at the beginning of each of the next four years with interest at 6% compounded annually.

28. Slide 28 6-28 Present Value of a Deferred Annuity In a deferred annuity, the first cash flow is expected to occur more than one period after the date of the agreement.

29. Slide 29 6-29 Present Value of a Deferred Annuity On January 1, 2009, you are considering an investment that will pay $12,500 a year for 2 years beginning on December 31, 2011. If you require a 12% return on your investments, how much are you willing to pay for this investment? 1/1/0912/31/0912/31/1012/31/1112/31/1212/31/13 Present Value? $12,500 1234

30. Slide 30 6-30 Present Value of a Deferred Annuity More Efficient Computation 1.Calculate the PV of the annuity as of the beginning of the annuity period. 2.Discount the single value amount calculated in (1) to its present value as of today. On January 1, 2009, you are considering an investment that will pay $12,500 a year for 2 years beginning on December 31, 2011. If you require a 12% return on your investments, how much are you willing to pay for this investment? 1/1/0912/31/0912/31/1012/31/1112/31/1212/31/13 Present Value? $12,500 1234

31. Slide 31 6-31 Present Value of a Deferred Annuity On January 1, 2009, you are considering an investment that will pay $12,500 a year for 2 years beginning on December 31, 2011. If you require a 12% return on your investments, how much are you willing to pay for this investment? 1/1/0912/31/0912/31/1012/31/1112/31/1212/31/13 Present Value? $12,500 1234

32. Slide 32 6-32 Solving for Unknown Values in Present Value Situations In present value problems involving annuities, there are four variables: Present value of an ordinary annuity or Present value of an annuity due The amount of the annuity payment The number of periods The interest rate If you know any three of these, the fourth can be determined.

33. Slide 33 6-33 Solving for Unknown Values in Present Value Situations Assume that you borrow $700 from a friend and intend to repay the amount in four equal annual installments beginning one year from today. Your friend wishes to be reimbursed for the time value of money at an 8% annual rate. What is the required annual payment that must be made (the annuity amount) to repay the loan in four years? TodayEnd of Year 1 Present Value $700 End of Year 2 End of Year 3 End of Year 4

34. Slide 34 6-34 Solving for Unknown Values in Present Value Situations Assume that you borrow $700 from a friend and intend to repay the amount in four equal annual installments beginning one year from today. Your friend wishes to be reimbursed for the time value of money at an 8% annual rate. What is the required annual payment that must be made (the annuity amount) to repay the loan in four years?

35. Slide 35 6-35 Accounting Applications of Present Value Techniques—Annuities Because financial instruments typically specify equal periodic payments, these applications quite often involve annuity situations. Long-term Bonds Long-term Leases Pension Obligations

36. Slide 36 6-36 Valuation of Long-term Bonds Calculate the Present Value of the Lump-sum Maturity Payment (Face Value) Calculate the Present Value of the Annuity Payments (Interest) On January 1, 2009, Fumatsu Electric issues 10% stated rate bonds with a face value of $1 million. The bonds mature in 5 years. The market rate of interest for similar issues was 12%. Interest is paid semiannually beginning on June 30, 2009. What is the price of the bonds?

37. Slide 37 6-37 Valuation of Long-term Leases Certain long-term leases require the recording of an asset and corresponding liability at the present value of future lease payments.

38. Slide 38 6-38 Valuation of Pension Obligations Some pension plans create obligations during employees’ service periods that must be paid during their retirement periods. The amounts contributed during the employment period are determined using present value computations of the estimate of the future amount to be paid during retirement.

39. McGraw-Hill /Irwin© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. End of Chapter 6