1. HYSPLIT Glenn Gehring, Technology Specialist III Tribal Air Monitoring Support Center glenn.gehring@nau.edu 541-612-0899

2. Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model WHAT??

3. I think I’ll call it HYSPLIT What??

4. Who Provides it? The Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) provides products related to atmospheric dispersion and air quality including the HYSPLIT model ARL was mandated by Congress shortly after WWII to address concerns about pollution transport (nuclear fallout was among the initial concerns) ARL is now within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which also houses the National Weather Service

5. What HYSPLIT Does HYSPLIT is a modeling tool used for computing both wind trajectories in three dimensions and complex pollutant dispersion, as well as deposition patterns It can be used on-line or downloaded and used on your computer It can provide short term forecasts for pollutant dispersion, or wind trajectories, using National Weather Service forecast meteorological data It can help us predict air quality and explore existing pollution episodes in near-real-time, as well as increase our understanding of past pollution episodes

6. Why Do We Use it? To forecast smoke impacts from proscribed burns, wildfires or other releases To assess what might be contributing to high pollutant concentrations observed on our monitors To assess transport patterns To assess day/night/seasonal differences To assess monitoring networks And, more But Mainly

7. To Find Out Where is it Going Proscribed burn

8. And Where it Came From

9. How Does it Work? Some day I’ll tell you. But right now my name isn’t Dr. Glenn and I don’t have a clue. Lets focus on how it is used. (Okay, maybe I have a clue but not detailed knowledge of the algorithms and such)

10. If You Want Details, They’re There http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html

11. Some Examples

12. Ely Shoshone August 2002 Backward Trajectories (Michael Dalton’s work – monthly trajectory patterns)

13. Where did that high concentration come from? Gas Analyzer Rack Data Logger Calibrator Continuous Particulate Monitor Control Units Zero Air Generator NOy NOx SO2 Ozone Toxics Flow Controller Continuous Particulate Sensor Unit Vertical manifold Tubing for NOy EPA Protocol Gas 316 Stainless Steel 1/8 inch tubing connects regulator to calibrator CGA 660? Fitting must match bottle

14. First, Some ozone considerations Source: http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/greenhouse/http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/greenhouse/ We typically work here and ozone is bad here

15. Ozone “precursors,” such as NOx and VOCs are emitted from sources (can be natural sources) and in the presence of sunlight ozone can be generated Ozone can transport long distances (insert hot rod beetle emitting leaves)

16. Very important chemical reactions related to ozone:

17. Ozone Diurnal (daily) Patterns

18. Cherokee Nation Stilwell Site 90ppb 8-hour ozone Quapaw Nation 83ppb 8-hour ozone Backward trajectories from two ozone sites on 4/12/2003 Coal fired power plant

19. Highest Passive Ozone (24-hour sample) NOx point sources in tons per year emissions

20. Quapaw Site on July 22, 2004 – Site’s highest 8-hr Ozone 93 ppb as an 8-hour average NOx = NO + NO 2 Notice NO is flat near zero. This indicates source is probably farther away (NOx is typically mostly NO out the stack).

21. Area 8-hr Ozone on July 22, 2004 Saint Louis Memphis Quapaw Site Tulsa Kansas City Little Rock Oklahoma City

22. July 22, 2004, 24-hour Backward Trajectories (NOAA Air Resource Laboratory HYSPLIT Model) proportional NOx point source emissions – 2002 EI Quapaw Site

23. Oologah Power Plant 48-hr dispersion (NOAA Air Resource Laboratory HYSPLIT Model) Quapaw Site

24. GRDA Power Plant 48-hr dispersion (NOAA Air Resource Laboratory HYSPLIT Model) Quapaw Site

25. Muskogee Power Plant 48-hr dispersion (NOAA Air Resource Laboratory HYSPLIT Model) Quapaw Site

26. Combined 48-hr dispersion (NOAA Air Resource Laboratory HYSPLIT Model) Quapaw Site

27. Forward Trajectory from 3 Coal-Fired Power Plants on July 22, 2004 (only includes endpoints that are less than 10 meters AGL)

28. Forward Trajectory from 3 Coal-Fired Power Plants on July 22, 2004 (only includes endpoints that are less than 20 meters AGL)

29. NE Oklahoma Coal-Fired Power Plant NOx Emissions Source: EPA AirData (1999 EI) 26.5% of Oklahoma facility NOx emissions are from Muskogee, Mayes and Rogers Counties (1999) 22.9% of Oklahoma facility NOx emissions are from three NE Oklahoma coal-fired power plants (1999) Tulsa Ozone Season Wind Rose, Lines Indicate the Direction the Wind Came FROM, and Colors Indicate Wind Speed (1984-1992, March 1 to October 31, from 8 AM to 6 PM) S N E W 2003 Ozone Monitoring Locations (Red Dots) Most Relevant Winds for Ozone What if you live here?

30. Date/Time is UTC (same as Greenwich Mean Time) and NOT local time Choose forward or backward The met database and location (lat long) are chosen in previous screens In general, a smaller resolution dataset is better (12km is better than 40 km) Set total run time to 24 hours, or more in some instances In a 8-hour ozone BT example you might want to set the UTC time to the end of the 8-hour concentration (remember to convert time), then have it start a new trajectory every hour and stop after 8 trajectories. It will then make a trajectory for each hour in the 8-hour ozone average. You can start the height of a backward trajectory from the monitor height, say 4-meters agl. For a forward trajectory from a point source you would set the height slightly above the sources stack, if it has one. Most of these settings can stay at their default settings Decide if you want a GIS shapefile, and/or a Google Earth file. The trajectory endpoints file will still be there. If you are using the endpoints file, you can have it dump meteorological data such as mixing height, temp, solar radiation, etc., along the trajectory path for additional analysis. Save the endpoints file as a text file from your browser Beside each option there is a “Help” button. Please use it.

32. Backward trajectories Elevations of trajectories

34. Save text file for GIS integration

35. Open Text File in Excel and Modify Then create feature class in GIS software

36. GIS for Air Quality (a TAMS/ITEP Course) Anyone can learn to use HYSPLIT – Just start And, feel free to contact me if you want assistance