1. Optical Storage Systems of Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow Chris Evans CET520 Spring 2003 Arizona State University CET520 Presentation

2. Introduction 2 History of lasers and CD/DVD How CD/DVD works How magneto-optical (MO) systems work Comparison of CD/DVD and MO systems to magnetic hard drive The future

3. History of the Laser 3 Laser – Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation Theory suggested by Einstein in 1916 Mechanism put forward in 1958, first working laser in 1960 Early Lasers were large and expensive Development of laser diode brought size and cost down Laser diodes started in the low wavelength region of the spectrum (infrared) and have developed into the red region and higher. First blue laser diode (Nichia) F. A. Ponce & D. P. Bour, Nature 386, 351 (1997)

4. History of the CD/DVD player 4 1982 -First working CD player developed by Philips Philips and Sony developed CD standard – 12cm disk, 74 minutes on a single spiral 1983 -First CD players sold 1985 -CD-ROM introduced – not popular at first. More powerful PCs lead to demand for multimedia, image processing and larger applications. Growth in sales brings prices down. 1990’s - CD-R and CD-RW introduced – big success. 1996 -DVD introduced 1999 -DVD becomes mainstream 3.9GB capacity allows disk to hold entire movie. DVD drives are standard on PCs today.

5. How CD/DVD works 5 Disk preformatted with grooves and lands Grooves have pits to mark data Disk rotates in drive and a laser projects light onto the surface Laser light is reflected and picked up by a light sensitive detection unit DVD works on a similar principle, but laser is of shorter wavelength. On surfaceIn pit

6. Magneto-optical disks (writing) 6 Writing to disk Media is material with Curie Temperature of ~200C Media has high coercivity at high temp, low coercivity at low temp. Laser heats point on disk to above 200C Magnet on other side of disk changes magnetic orientation only at the heated point Disk cools and magnetic orientation stays Write-many read-many optical system

7. Magneto-optical disks (reading) 7 Reading the disk As with CD/DVD, laser is reflected off surface of rotating disk. Laser light is polarized – all wave oscillations are in the same plane. Reflected laser light has polarization changed depending on magnetic orientation of point being scanned. Change is less than 1/2°, so sensitive detection equipment is needed Key laser light laser light 1/2 o polarization laser light –1/2 o polarization

8. Comparison of CD/DVD and magneto-optical to the magnetic hard drive 8 Access time Data transfer rate Price etc…

9. Access time 9 Access time comprises seek time and latency Seek time: Time to position head to correct track Latency: Time taken to rotate disk to desired area on track CD/DVD Access time is ~100ms. High access time due to heavy optical pickup. Laser is in the pickup, making it relatively heavy and hard to move with small servos. CD-ROM based on CD player, with 1 spiral track – inefficient random access CD disk relatively heavy, spins slower than other media. Compare HDD access time, <10ms MO Access time is 20ms to 80ms Large variation depending upon price

10. Data transfer rate 10 Consists of External and Internal Transfer rate External transfer rate: Rate of data transfer from controller to PC Internal Transfer rate: Rate of data transfer from media to controller CD/DVD Internal rate for CDs is much lower than external transfer rate limit Internal transfer rate for CDs depends on format: –Constant Linear Velocity: Angular velocity of disk changes according to position of head on disk. Constant transfer rate. –Constant Angular Velocity: Data transfer rate faster at edges than center. CLV transfer rate for X12 CD drive ~1800KB/s CAV transfer rate for X16 CD drive 930-2400KB/s Better off with X12 CLV!

11. Data transfer rate 11 Consists of External and Internal Transfer rate External transfer rate: Rate of data transfer from controller to PC Internal Transfer rate: Rate of data transfer from media to controller MO Internal rate for MO is much lower than external transfer rate limit This has approximately 6MB/s Mainly due to faster spin rate HDD Transfer rate 100’s MB/s. -As HDD densities rise, will hit limit of external transfer rate -Will either have to decrease angular velocity or make disks smaller.

12. Price 12 Optical systems have removable disks – price for drives and media: CD/DVD drive $20-$250+media¢’s Low price for X8 CD-ROM, high for X52 CD-RW. Wide range of prices. MO drive small$200-$300large$300-$3000+ Small drives <500MB, ISO standard on 3.5” and 5.25” Large drives proprietary, but have larger capacity 1GB-9.3GB MO media small$10-$20large$200-$500+ Small is <500MB, not always rewritable, large is 1GB-9.3GB, not always rewritable.

13. Other characteristics 13 CD/DVD Optical media is removable, great advantage. Very durable and robust – estimated lifespan 35-100 years Compatibility – no other system beats CD/DVD for backwards compatibility MO MO drives are proprietary at higher end of scale. Low capacity MO drives now have ISO standard. All media of same or lower capacity of drive can be read. HDD Read/write head rides 50nm above the disk Big disadvantage are that the head crashes and non-removability of media

14. Future of Optical Systems 14 Optical systems seemed to have good future in 1990’s Technological breakthroughs never happened Capacity lead of 2 over HDDs turned into lag of 5 in a few years HDDs increasing capacity – doubling every three years. Optical storage has niche market of media distribution, will it break into secondary computer storage market? Low access time, transfer rate, capacity. No rewrite ability! What developments are there in optical technology? What barriers face the optical and magnetic storage industries?

15. Future of Optical Systems 15 Improving Current Technology Laser makes head heavy – use mirrors to direct laser, decrease access time. Capacity and bit density related to spot size. Reduce spot size by using lower wavelength lasers. “Blu-ray” uses blue lasers to achieve capacity > 20GB. Higher bit densities lead to higher transfer rates. Many-write capability not planned for CD/DVD. Magnetic storage dominated by USA. Optical storage dominated by Japan. No plans to actively take on HDD industry, only increase capacity – driven by arrival of HDTV.

16. Barriers 16 CD/DVD Backwards compatibility slows development Short wavelength lasers development has been slower than expected Low wavelength light is absorbed by disk material leading to increased noise Need to find re-writable media MO No ISO standard for larger drives Low wavelength light is absorbed by disk material leading to increased noise The bit size is larger than the laser spot size due to heating effects

17. Future of Optical Systems 17 New Technology 3-D Disks –DVDs use double layer to record data – upper layer is semitransparent –Why not increase number of layers? Attractive option, uses current technology. –Some techniques allow 4-20 layers to be used. –Limited by resolution of media, ‘cross talk’, laser spot size, positioning accuracy. –No rewrite capability? Holographic Disks –Data can be lost in bit oriented data storage – damage, dirt. –Holographic storage holds data in area. Damage degrades data as a whole, but it is difficult to lose it –Number of techniques around

18. Summary 18 There is a lot of potential for growth of optical systems There are still some barriers to overcome such as reliable short wavelength lasers and ability to re-write Magneto-optical systems were seen as dead end technology but recent improvements have made them competitive Both CD/DVD and MO are too slow for secondary storage Both CD/DVD and MO are ideal for archiving