1. Invertebrates
Chapter 2
March/April, 2012

2. Invertebrates Invertebrates Can be compared by looking at:
1. Animals without a backbone
2. Come in many different shapes and sizes
Can be compared by looking at:
1. Type of body plan
2. Whether or not the animal has a head
3.The way food is digested

3. Body Plans Invertebrates have 2 basic body types or types of symmetry
Definition of Symmetry
exact reflection of the form on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane

4. Bilateral Symmetry 1. Bilateral symmetry 2 similar halves
If you draw a line there are 2 similar halves on each side

5. Radial Symmetry 2. Radial symmetry
Body parts are arranged in a circle around a central point

6. Asymmetrical
3. Asymmetrical
No symmetry

7. 3 Types of Symmetry

8. Presence or Absence of Head
1. All animals except for sponges have nerves
2. Nerves- carry signals to control movements of the body
3. Simple invertebrates have nerves arranged in nerve cords throughout the body
These simple animals have no brain or head

9. Presence or Absence of Head
Some invertebrates have
A. Dozens of nerve cells that come together and are called GANGLIA
B. Ganglia
Are found throughout the body controlling different parts

10. Presence or Absence of Head
C. More complex animals have a brain and a head…………where the brain is stored
D. Brain controls many different nerves in different parts of the body

11. Bell Work
1. What are nerves cells that help to control movement of different body parts?
2. What is a part of the animal that is a pouch lined with cells that help break down food?
3. What type of symmetry has 2 similar halves?

12. Don’t you have any guts?
1. Almost all animals digest food in the central gut
A. Gut
Pouch lined with cells that break down food
B. These enzymes break down food in smaller particles so that cells can absorb them

13. Don’t you have any guts?
2. Complex animals have a space in the body for the gut
A. called a coelom
B. Space in the bodies for the gut
C. Allows the gut to move food without interference from movements of the body
D. Other organs like the heart and lung are in the coelom but separated from the gut

14. Sponges Phylum: Porifera 1. Simplest animals 2. Asymmetrical
3. Regeneration- ability to replace itself. New sponges can form from pieces broken off another sponge
4. If cells are separated, they can come back together and form a sponge

15. How do sponges eat?
1. Water enters the sponge through its pores. Pore cells pump water into the sponge.
2. Inside the sponge, cells called collar cells, filter food and microorganisms from the water
3.Then the water flows into the central cavity and out the top of the sponge through a hole called a osculum

16. Cnidarians Phylum: Cnidaria
1. Cnidaria means “nettles” Nettles are plants that release stinging barbs in the skin
2. More complex than a sponge
3. Have complex tissues, a gut, and a nervous system
4. In some of these species, if the cells are separated they can come back together like a sponge

17. Cnidarians 5.Come in 2 forms
a. Medusa- looks like a mushroom with tentacles
b. Polyp- look like a vase and are usually attached to a surface

18. Cnidarians 5. 3 classes a. hydras- live in fresh water
b. jelly fish- usually have medusa form
c. anemones and corals usually have polyps forms

19. Cnidarians “Catching Lunch”
7.All cnidarians have long tentacles covered in stinging cells that catch small fish and other organisms by having these stinging cells that release paralyzing toxin

20. Cnidarians 8. Cnidarians do not think
9.They have a simple network of nerve cells called a nerve net that controls movement
10. Medusa have a nerve ring that allows them to swim

21. Flatworms 1. Simplest group of worms “Planarians”
2. Bilateral symmetry
3. Have a head and eye spots
4. 2 sensory lobes on each side of its head used for finding food

22. Planarians 5. Small- usually size of your fingernail
6. Live in water and land
7. Predators (eat on other animals or their parts)
8. Has head, eyespots, sensory lobes and a small brain

23. Flukes and Tapeworms 1. Parasites 2. Live inside other animals bodies
3. Host is usually killed
4. Have heads without eyespots or sensory lobes
5. No stomachs, they absorb nutrients of their host

24. Roundworms 1. Have a simple nervous system and a primitive brain
2. Parasites
3. Live in their host
4. Pinworms and hookworms infect humans!

25. Mollusks and Annelid Worms

26. Mollusks and Annelid Worms
More complex than the invertebrates that we have studied so far
Have a
1. Coelom
2. Circulatory system

27. Mollusks 1. Phylum: Mollusca 2. Second largest phylum of animals
3. Includes
Snails
Slugs
Clams
Oysters
Squid
Octopuses

28. Mollusks 3 Classes 1. Gastropods (slugs and snails)
2. Bivalves (clams and other two-shelled shellfish)
3. Cephalopods (squids and octopuses)

29. Mollusks Characteristics
1. Most mollusks live in the ocean
2. Some live in fresh water
3. Soft body
4.Usually covered by a shell

30. 4 Main Parts of Mollusks
1.Foot- large muscle that mollusks use to move
Gastropods foot secrete mucus to help it slide
2.Visceral mass-contains gills, gut, and other organs in the coelom
3.Mantle- covers the visceral mass and protects the body of mollusks that don’t have a shell
4. Shell- protects the mollusks from predators and keeps them from drying out

31. How do mollusks eat?
1. Clams and bivalves stay in one place and filter tiny plants, bacteria and other particles from the water

32. How do mollusks eat?
2. Octopuses and squids use tentacles just like we use our fingers

33. How do mollusks eat?
3. Snails and slugs eat with a tongue covered in curved teeth called radula
4. Slugs and snails use the radula to scrape algae off rocks, or pieces of leaves off plants

34. Circulatory System
Open circulatory system- simple heart pumps blood through blood vessels that empty into spaces in the animals body called sinuses
Closed circulatory system- heart pumps blood through blood vessels that form a closed loop (cephalopods have closed system)

35. Brain Mollusks have complex ganglia
1. That control breathing
2. Move the foot
3. Control digestion
Cephalopods have a more complex nervous system than any other mollusk

36. Brain
3. Octopus can find their way through a maze, pick out different shapes and colors, and when given bricks or stones will build a cave to hide in……………… SCARY!!!!!!!!!

37. Annelid Worms Phylum: Annelida Characteristics
1. Segments- identical or almost identical repeating body parts
2. Have a coelum
3. Have a closed circulatory system
4. Ganglia in each segment
5. Brain found in the head and a nerve cord that connects the brain to the ganglia

38. Annelid Worms (3 Classes)
1st Class are Earthworms
A. Most common are annelids
B. Some segments are specialized for eating and reproduction
C. Break down matter in the soil and excrete wastes called castings
D. When they burrow in soil, they allow water and air to reach deep in the soil
E. Stiff bristles on the outside of their body help them move

39. Bristle Worms 2nd Class is Bristle Worms
A. Come in many and bright colors
B. Live in water and burrow through sand and mud to find food
C. Some crawl on the bottom and eat mollusks and other small animals

40. Leeches 3rd Class are leeches
A. Some are parasites and suck other animals’ blood, others eat dead animals
B. Doctors used to use them to “suck the bad blood” out of patients
C. Today some doctors use them to prevent swelling near a wound
D. Leeches also make a chemical that keeps blood from clotting

41. Bell Work 1. What are the 3 main classes of mollusks?
2. How do herbivorous snails and slugs use their radula to get food?

42. Arthropods

43. Arthropods 75% of all animals are arthropods
Characteristics of arthropods
1. Jointed limbs
2. Segmented body with specialized parts
3. Well-developed nervous system

44. Jointed Limbs Jointed limbs gives arthropods their names
“Arthro” means joint
“Pod” means foot
Jointed limbs are arms, legs, or other similar body parts
Jointed limbs let arthropods to move easily

45. Segmented and Specialized
1. Most segments in arthropods are identical
2. Some segments include specialized parts such as
A. wings
B. antenna
C. gills
D. pincers
E. claws

46. Segmented and Specialized
3. These specialized parts form during the animal’s development
A. head
B. thorax
C. abdomen

47. Segmented and Specialized
4. Exoskeleton- external (outside) skeleton on arthropods made of protein and chitin
A. does the same thing as an internal skeleton
B. allows the animal to move
C. all muscles attach to the exoskeleton and move that part of the animal when the muscles contract
D. acts like a suit of armor to protect internal organs and muscles

48. Segmented and Specialized
5. All arthropods have a head and a well developed brain
6. Some arthropods can detect light but can not form an image
7. Some arthropods can see images because they have compound eyes
Compound eyes- are made of identical light-sensitive cells

49. Kinds of Arthropods
1. Arthropods are classified according to the kinds of body parts they have
2. They are classified by their number of legs, and the antennae they have
3. Antennae- are the feelers that arthropods use for touch, taste, and smell

50. Insects 1. Largest group of arthropod
2. Insects live everywhere EXCEPT the ocean
3.Insects are beneficial when they
A. pollinate
4. Insects are harmful when they
A. eat crops
B. carry diseases

51. Insect Development
Metamorphosis- the development of an insect from an egg to an adult

52. Bell Work 1. Name 2 characteristics that classifies arthropods?
2. Can arthropods see?
3. What is an exoskeleton?

53. Echinoderms 1. Phylum: Echinodermata echinoderm means “spiny skinned”
Includes star fish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, and sand dollars

54. Echinoderms Characteristics 1. Live on the sea floors 2. Endoskeletons
3. Echinoderm embryos form a mouth like vertebrates when they first start to develop (this makes echinoderms more closely related to vertebrates than any other invertebrates)

55. Echinoderms Characteristics
4. simple nervous system that contains nerve rings around the mouth and radial nerves that controls arms
5. water Vascular System- uses water pumps to help the animals move eat, breathe, and sense the environment

56. The End! Invertebrates

57. Test Review Words all 7th graders should know about invertebrates!
Ganglia
Medusa
Polyp
Open circulatory system
Closed circulatory system
Exoskeleton
Coelum
Collar cells
Osculum
Characteristics of Invertebrates
Porifera
Mollusca
Arthropods
Annelids
Cnidarians
Echinoderms