1. Lexical Borrowing Lectures 3
(The Introduction)

2. What borrowing & Why it so
Lexical borrowing is a very common phenomenon of cross-linguistic influence.
there is a continuum ranging from relatively slight lexical borrowing under casual contact to extreme structural borrowing under very intense contact.
Casual contact; Slightly more intense contact; More intense contact; Strong cultural pressure; Very strong cultural pressure.

3. Borrowing Scale STAGES Casual contact Slightly more intense contact
FEATURES
Lexical borrowing only
Slight structural borrowing; conjunctions and adverbial particles
Slightly more structural borrowing; adpositions, derivational affixes

4. Strong cultural pressure
STAGES
Strong cultural pressure
Very strong cultural pressure
FEATURES
Moderate structural borrowing (major structural features that cause relatively little typological change)
Heavy structural borrowing (major structural features that cause significant typological disruption)
Source: summarized from Thomason and Kaufman (1988: 74-6)

5. “Distant” Contact on Borrowing
Lexical borrowing results from only marginal contact with other languages.
Such contact may be due to travel, exploration, or conquest, or it may be due to exposure to the donor language in the mass media, foreign language instruction, and the like.
Another type of "distant" contact is the global avenues of communication such as radio, television, and the internet.

6. “Need” “Prestige” “Social Motivation”
The motivations for and extent of lexical borrowing depend on a range of social factors that vary from one contact situation to another.
“Need”
“Prestige”
TWO FACTORS
(Weinreich 1953: 56)

7. Why “Need”
the need to designate new things, persons, places and concepts.
the need to modern­ize and keep abreast of developments in science, technology, etc.
The need to fill gaps in the lexicon, or introduce finer distinctions of meaning not available in native words.

8. to be more exclusive in groups
Why “Prestige”
to be fashionable
to be more educated
to be more exclusive in groups

9. “The Reason” for Lexical Borrowing
Macro-sociolinguistics
Intensity of contact
Cultural pressure
Language attitude
Micro-sociolinguistics
Stylistic choices

10. “What Exactly Borrowing”
‘Estabished’ Borrowing
‘Nonce’ Borrowing
Loans that are frequent throughout the community and permanently established as part of native language
Loans that are not widely used
Poplack et al. (1988)

11. The examples in Bahasa Ind:
Established borrowing;
asosiasi, piyama, gereja, masjid, kabel, hotel, komputer, gratis, korting, etc.
Nonce borrowing;
ending, traveling, by the way, too much, landing, take-off, mobile, wireless, booking, order, etc.

12. Borrowing phenomena in Indonesia:
Three daily news (Kompas, Koran Tempo, MI) during 3 weeks data downloading.
1,041,197 words Borrowing 7,687 words
3,538 words: English borrowing
Fauzi (2009)

13. Established vs. Nonce borrowing
N = 3,538 words
Fauzi (2009)

14. Conclusion: Language contacts may produce borrowing phenomena.
Two factors triger borrowing: Need and Prestige.
Two types of borrowing which is so-called established and non-established (nonce) borrowing.

15. Thank you