1. Native Americans Ethnic Studies Spring 2009

2. Battle of Fallen Timbers

3. Interaction with Europeans Treaty of Greenville Indians defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers 1795 ceded the Indian’s Ohio territory to English Washington was eager to remove Native Americans from the Ohio River Valley for American settlers

4. Tecumseh, Shawnee tribe refused to sigh this treaty urged resistance to the white man his brother was known as the “Prophet” his brother had visions that told him to reject white ways to preserve culture Tecumseh wanted to unite tribes to fight whites

5. Battle of Tippencanoe-1811 Tecumseh out of town Indian encampment, Prophetstown (Tippecanoe) His brother, the “Prophet” gets in a conflict with the governor of Indiana (William Henry Harrison) and dies in battle Tecumseh now extreme enemy of U.S

6. Battle of Thames-1813 Tecumseh fights with British against U.S as part of the War of 1812 Tecumseh killed in battle

7. Fort Mims Massacre Creek War starts as a civil war, faction called the “Red Sticks” Settlers and mixed-blood Creeks took refuge in Ft. Mims in north of Mobile, Alabama The Red Sticks attacked and killed about 500 people After Ft. Mims, panic in the Southeast changed the Creek War from a civil war to a conflict with between the U.S. government and the Red Sticks

9. Battle of Horseshoe Bend-1814 Considered part of War of 1812, but really Creek War Andrew Jackson lead efforts to clear Alabama for settlement Creek “Red Sticks” inspired by Tecumseh were defeated by General Jackson’s forces of infantry, Cherokee. Choctaw, and Lower Creek Indians Jackson saw no difference between Indians he fought with and those he fought against—tribes forced to sign over most of Alabama and southern Georgia

10. Quote According to Walter Bourneman in his book "1812 The War That Forged A Nation", pg. 152, Chief Junaluska, the Cherokee Chief who led 500 Cherokees in support of Jackson at Horseshoe Bend, stated that "If I had known that Jackson would drive us from our homes, I would have killed him at Horseshoe".

11. Indian Removal Act of 1830- authorized President Jackson to negotiate land exchange treaties with the Native Americans eventually Native Americans were granted the land West of the Mississippi in exchange for their land in the east. Indian Territory- land West of the Mississippi

12. Conflict Cultural assumptions Europeans had about Native Americans treaties made with a few trine members is bound to all members Natives were savages Natives needed to adopt white culture

13. Black Hawk war -1832 response to the Indian Removal Act fought in Indiana Native American Black Hawk fought to get land traded to the Europeans back

14. Seminole Wars 1835-1842 fought in Florida U.S military tried to get the Seminoles out of this territory, but Indians put up a long hard fight over $20 Million spent on this conflict and 1500 U.S soldiers died

15. Sequoyah created a written alphabet for the Cherokee language

16. New Echota in Georgia town set up by the Cherokee to set up a government John Ross the leader of the Cherokee nation and President of New Echota

17. Treaty of New Echota ceded Cherokee land to Georgia and pushed the Indians west sparked the Trail of Tears for the Cherokee

18. Worcester v. Georgia court case brought on by the Cherokee Nation opposing the state’s right to sign the Treaty of New Echota Supreme court found that states did not have jurisdiction over the Indian nations Treaty of New Echota unconstitutional

19. George Troup governor of Georgia wanted to give Cherokee land to settlers after the Treaty of New Echota, he gave the land away in a lottery

20. John Ross leader of the Cherokee Nation and leader during the Trail of Tears opposed the Treaty of New Echota got over 15000 petitioners to sign saying did not accept the agreement of New Echota

21. Geronimo belonged to the Apache tribe fought against the U.S to keep his land U.S army enlisted Native Americans to fight against him because they had war tactics similar to his