1. Philly Krebs and Nicholas Scanlan

2.  Jefferson starts the policy of “Assimilation”, yet doesn’t believe that both Native Americans and the US can live peacefully in the same world  Assimilation-Policy of integrating a smaller culture into the dominant one  Tribes of the Ohio Valley unite under leadership of Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, try to stand up to white settlers but are defeated  Creek Indians try to resist and their warriors are defeated by Andrew Jackson’s militia at Horseshoe Bend

3.  Southern Native American tribes in modern day Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida  Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek and Seminole  Population totaled about 60,000  Referred to as “Civilized” because they adopted many aspects of the white, U.S. society

5.  Cherokee are largest of the five  Of all Tribes Cherokee adopt U.S. society the most  Shift from traditional matriarchal, combined hunting and farming to a highly Agrarian Americanized society  Even adopt slavery and white racism, even pass multiple laws against blacks, about 8% owned slaves  Sequoyah invents the written Cherokee language  Cherokee have high levels of education and economic success  Cherokee create highly US modeled Constitution

6. “The half century following 1785 might be called the golden age of the Cherokee nation. As defined by 1819, the Nation occupied…gathering. Trade with whites flourished and permanent towns grew up. Decades of evolution in the direction of more centralized and formalized political institutions reached their climax with the adoption of a written constitution for the nation in 1827. In these and other ways, the Cherokees showed an ability to synthesize elements borrowed from Western Civilization with their native culture.” (Howe, 343).

7. Pro Indian removal This belief helped him get elected Southern states like Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi wanted him to move quickly During time in office tried to get the Five Nations into new areas west of Mississippi like the Oklahoma Territory

8.  Georgia made Cherokee inside Georgia state borders under state laws  Mississippi and Alabama put Native Americans under state law who lived within state borders  Broke many treaties and against parts of the constitution  Constitution said federal government had jurisdiction over Indian affairs

9.  Many of the nations tried to assimilate into modern culture  Some ceded land in hopes of retaining a portion or getting new territory  In the end most end up moving west of the Mississippi River

10.  Took a diplomatic stand  Declared themselves a sovereign nation  In former treaties Indians had been called sovereign nations to be able to legally give the government land  The Cherokee were able to get the case to the Supreme Court but it went against them

11.  1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd  2 nd was the biggest and lasted from 1835- 1842  Jackson spent 40-60 million dollars on the war  Seminoles used runaway slaves to help fight  At the end most of Seminoles were moved to lands beyond the Mississippi

12.  15,000- 16,000 Cherokee forced by the US government, while under military supervision, to walk to present day Oklahoma and give up land East of the Mississippi River  4,000 Cherokee died  Andrew Jackson made the order but Van Buren was president when the forced march occurred

13.  “Starting in May 1838, the majority of the tribe were rounded up by the U.S. Army and sent to detention camps to await Removal; others fled to neighboring states. Widespread bloodshed at this point was averted by the moderation and good sense of Chief Ross and General Winfield Scott.10 But incompetence, indifference, and policy disagreements among civilian authorities had frustrated the efforts of General John Ellis Wool to prepare properly for the massive evacuation. Conditions in the unsanitary detention camps and the harsh weather along the notorious “Trail of Tears” westward in the fall and winter of 1838–39 led to a tragically high death rate”(Howe 416).

15.  Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2010