1. By: Kyle Hamlin Per. 4

2.  Hormones control human development. Some chemicals can mimic hormones.  An estrogen mimic called Bisphenol (BPA) can be emitted from poly carbonate found in baby bottles  This can cause developmental problems in baby boys  BPA is still being investigated as to its deadliness

4. What major health hazards do we face?

5.  A risk is the probability of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage.  Risk assessment is the process of using statistical methods to estimate how much harm a particular hazard can cause human health or the environment  Risk management involves deciding whether or how to reduce a particular risk

7.  Biological hazards – more then 1,400 pathogens can infect humans  Chemical hazards – harmful chemicals in air, and water  Natural hazards – fire, earthquakes, floods, and storms  Life Style choices – smoking, poor food choices, alcohol

9. What types of biological hazards do we face?

10.  Diseases come in many forms and can be transferred form person to person in one way or another.  An infectious disease is caused when a pathogen enters the body and multiplies in its cells  A transmissible disease can be spread from person to person  A non-transmissible disease is caused by something other then a living thing and does not spread from person to person.

12.  Diseases are hard to deal with, and only get harder the longer we treat them, since they develop immunities to widely used antibiotics  A large scale out break in a country is an epidemic  A large scale outbreak around the world is a pandemic  Diseases can spread through air, water, food, and body fluids

14.  One in three people are infected with TB and one in ten will become infected with active TB  TB attacks 9 million people every year and kills about 1.8 million people  TB is perfectly treatable, but does not always show symptoms right away  A new strain of TB is on the rise called “Multi- drug resistant TB” that can not be treated, and patients must be quarantined

16.  3 students saved thousands of lives by developing a quick diagnosis for TB  Diagnosing TB used to involve having to inspect patients fecal matter, and in LDCs patients would die from TB while waiting for results  The students found that under a microscope, TB infected cells against a black background, glow white  This means TB can be diagnosed in seconds by relatively untrained employees

18.  Antibiotics treat bacterial infections.  Bacteria produce astoundingly fast, which allow them to develop resistance quickly  Many viral infections are incorrectly treated with antibiotics, which leads to increased resistance  MRSA (mersa) is a highly resistant infection, which can cause pneumonia, flesh eating wounds, and a quick death if in the blood stream

20.  Viruses evolve faster, are not affected by antibiotics, and can kill quickly  Flu is one of the most malicious viruses in existence, if left untreated it could spread around the world in a matter of days  The second biggest viral killer is the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, which infects about 2.5 million people each year  And in third is hepatitis B which damages the liver and kills about a million people each year.

22.  There is an increasing number of diseases that travel from animals to people, and from the wild to the domestic world  Hepatitis B and Dengue fever moved from apes to humans, Lyme disease moved from deer to mice to humans  Ecological medicine is a new interdisciplinary field that tracks these links between humans and animals  Urban expansion has led to large areas being infected with Lyme disease

24.  HIV/AIDS by itself is not deadly, however it severely cripples the immune system  This increases lethality of TB and other infectious diseases  Its is spread from person to person through unsafe sex, and sharing of hypodermic needles  Treatments include a course of expensive antiviral drugs, that slow the progress of aids, but only end up increasing life span by about 24 years after infection, at a cost of over $25,000 per year

26.  One in every five people in the world is at risk from malaria  This parasite is spread by some mosquitos, and the parasite invades and destroys red blood cells, resulting in fevers, sweats, and abdominal pain  Malaria kills around 2,700 people per day  %90 of those who died are under the age of 5

28.  According to the WHO, the global infections diseases death rate decreased by more than two- thirds between 1970 and 2006 and is projected to continue to decrease  Also vaccinated children in LDCs increased from 10% to 90%  Important breakthroughs and developments of simple things like oral rehydration therapy have helped reduce death rates of victims  Infectious diseases have been getting more attention from research organizations in recent years

30. What types of chemical hazards do we face?

31.  A toxic chemical is one that can cause temporary or permanent harm or death to humans and animals  Carcinogens are chemicals, types of radiation, or certain viruses that can cause or promote cancer  Mutagens are chemicals or forms of radiation that cause or increase the frequency of mutations, or changes in the DNA molecules found in cells  Teratogens are chemicals that cause harm or birth defects to a fetus or embryo

33.  PCBs are a class of more than 200 cholorine- containing organic compounds that are very stable and nonflammable  They exist as oily liquids, or solids that can enter the air as a vapor  PCBs were banned by congress after it was found they could lead to liver cancer  PCBs will harm us for a while yet, as they have entered the air, ground, and water, and are fat soluble, and therefore bio magnify through food chains

35.  Studies have begun to show that long term exposure to certain chemicals can harm our immune system  Some chemicals weaken the bodies immune system, and leave our bodies vulnerable to attack  Neurotoxins can harm the human nervous system  The effects of this damage include change in behavior, retardation, learning disabilities, ADD, paralysis, and death

37.  Mercury and all its compounds are highly dangerous  Research shows that long term exposure can permanently damage the nervous system  Mercury is released into the air from rocks, soil, and volcanoes and by vaporization from the ocean  We can be exposed to mercury through inhaling vaporized fumes, eating contaminated fish, or eating high fructose corn syrup

39.  The endocrine system is a network of glands that release tiny amounts of hormones into the body  Hormones control sexual reproduction, growth, development, learning ability, and behavior  Some chemicals mirror the shape of hormones, and incite reactions from the body as if the body was responding to the hormone, these are called Hormonally active agents  These are sometimes called gender benders because of their impact on sexual development

41. How can we evaluate chemical hazards?

42.  Toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and other organisms  Toxicity is a measure of the harmfulness of a substance  Dose is the amount of a harmful chemical that a person has ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin  Response is the damage to health resulting from exposure to a chemical

44.  In 2005 a study of chemicals in umbilical cord blood showed of 287 chemicals, 180 found in the blood were shown to cause cancers in humans or animals, 217 have damaged the nervous systems in test animals, and 208 have caused birth defects in test animals  It is unknown what damage, if any, is caused by minute amounts of these chemicals in infants blood  More recent scientific findings suggest that the increase of the chemicals in infants has led to the increase in Autism, childhood asthma, and learning disorders  In 2009 researchers found a connection between exposure to air pollutants from pregnant women and lower IQ scores in their children as they grew

46.  The most common way to measure toxicity is to expose a population of live laboratory animals to measured doses of a specific substance under controlled conditions  Mice and rats are used, because as mammals, their systems function closely to humans  Scientists expose populations to various doses and plot the responses on a dose-response curve  Some chemicals can be extremely toxic, leading to death in low doses, and some chemicals can be essentially non-toxic leading to survival in even extremely high doses

48.  Scientists use case reports, usually made by physicians, which provide information about people suffering from adverse effects from exposure to a chemical  Case reports are not always reliable because they do not contain information on dosage, and the person’s involved health  Epidemiological studies are useful because they compare the health of people exposed to a particular chemical, with the health of a similar group of people not exposed to the agent  However in epidemiological studies in many cases too few people have been exposed, the studies usually take a long time, closely liking an observed effect with exposure to a particular chemical is difficult and forth, we cannot sued epidemiological studies to evaluate hazards from new technologies, or chemicals to which people have not yet been exposed.

50.  Almost everyone is exposed to potentially harmful chemicals that have built up to trace levels in their blood  The U.S. geological survey found that 80% of U.S. streams and almost one-fourth of the groundwater that it sampled was contaminated with trace amounts of medications  It is hard to be concerned about these findings because in reality, we have no idea what the effect of any of these chemicals truly are  Chemists are now able to detect even smaller amounts of toxic chemicals in systems, but this may cause the illusion of increasing pollution, when in reality the pollutant may have existed there for a long time

52.  All methods of estimating toxicity have serious limits  However these methods are all we have  Only about 10% of the 100,000 synthetic chemicals in commercial use have been screened for toxicity  And only 2% of those have been accurately tested to determine whether they are carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens

54.  We know little about the chemicals in and around us, and estimating their effects is difficult, time- consuming, and expensive, so where does that leave us?  Scientists in Europe are pushing for enforcement of pollution preventing  Pollution prevention is a way of implementing the precautionary principle  However, there is a question as to how far we should take this principle. By enforcing it more, we make innovators bare the burden of finding out how safe their inventions are

56.  CFCs can destroy the ozone, which is necessary for life on Earth  Many companies use CFCs in their manufacturing, for various purposes  Ray Turner was bothered by his companies use of CFCs to clean oxidation off of motherboards  He found that lemon juice removed this layer, and now his company runs better then ever

58. How do we perceive risks and how can we avoid the worst of them?

59.  Risk analysis involves identifying hazards and evaluating their associated risks  Statistical probabilities based on past experience, animal testing, and other research are used to estimate risks from older technologies and chemicals  The greatest health risk is poverty, malnutrition, increased susceptibility to normally nonfatal infections diseases and often-fata infections diseased transmitted by unsafe drinking water lead to this higher death rate  After poverty and gender, the greatest risk of premature death result form lifestyle choice that people make

61.  Cigarette smoking is the world’s most preventable major cause of suffering and premature death among adults  In 2007 the WHO estimated that tobacco use contributed to the premature deaths of 100 million people during the 20 th century  The WHO estimates that smoking leads to about 5.4 million deaths per year  Smoking has also been found to increase risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease

63.  The more complex a technological system is, the more difficult it is to estimate the risk of using the system  With careful design, systems can have a high technological reliability  However human reliability is much lower, thus increasing risk  One way to fix this is to move more decisions to the machine’s side, however chance events can knock out systems, and no program can replace human judgement

65.  Most people shrug off the known high risk of some activities they enjoy  Driving is one of the most dangerous things people in every country do each day  Fear can lead people to worry about uncommon risks, from the more common every day risks, thus reducing the usefulness of new technologies  Some people prefer a system where they have control, like how some people will drive long distances (where the chance of dying is 1 in 6,070) over flying (where the chance of dying is 1 in 9 million)

67.  Compare risks. It is better to ask “How risky is this compared to other risks?” then just “how risky is this?”  Determine how much of a risk you are willing to accept  Determine the actual risk involved  Concentrate on evaluating and carefully making important lifestyle choices