2. WEL-COME

3. THE HISTORY OF CONCRETE AND ITS RECENT DEVELOPMENT
SIDDHARTH SHANKAR
LECTURER
IOE,PULCHOWK CAMPUS
CHIEF,CMTL

4. Concrete is composed mainly of cement (commonly Portland cement), aggregate, water, and chemical admixtures.
Portland Cement
Coarse Aggregate
Chemical Admixtures
Fine Aggregate

5. Concrete has deep roots in history: Wall at Palestrina, Italy, 1st Century BC

6. Roman Aqueduct & Pantheon

8. Concrete
The word “concrete” originates from the Latin verb “concretus”, which means to grow together.
Concrete is most widly use construction material and it is mixture of cement,sand,aggregate and water.

9. Advantage of Concrete We have the ability to cast desired shapes
Arches, piers, columns, shells
Properties can be tailored according to need (strength, durability, etc.)
Ability to resist high temperatures
Will maintain structural integrity far longer than structural steel
Does not require protective coatings
Can be an architectural & structural member at the same time

11. 3000 BC—Egyptian Pyramids
The Egyptians were using early forms of concrete over 5000 years ago to build pyramids. They mixed mud and straw to form bricks and used gypsum and lime to make mortars.

12. 300 BC - 476 AD—Roman Architecture
The ancient Romans used a material that is remarkably close to modern cement to build many of their architectural marvels, such as the Colosseum, and the Pantheon. The Romans also used animal products in their cement as an early form of admixtures.

13. Photo courtesy of Concrete Thinking.
1824—Portland Cement Invented
Joseph Aspdin of England is credited with the invention of modern portland cement. He named his cement portland, after a rock quary that produced very strong stone.
Photo courtesy of Concrete Thinking.

14. Photo courtesy of Portland Cement Association.
1836—Cement Testing
The first test of tensile and compressive strength took place in Germany.
Photo courtesy of Portland Cement Association.

15. Photo coutesy of Portland Cement Association.
1889— Alvord Lake Bridge
The first concrete reinforced bridge was built in San Francisco. The bridge still exists today.
Photo coutesy of Portland Cement Association.

16. 1891— Concrete Street
The first American concrete street was built in Bellefontaine, Ohio.
Photo courtesy of

17. Photo courtesy of Emporis Buildings.
1903—The Ingalls Building
The first concrete high rise was built in Cincinnati, Ohio. This building has sixteen stories and was a great engineering feat of its time.
Photo courtesy of Emporis Buildings.

18. Photo courtesy of flyingmoose.org.
1908—Concrete Homes
Thomas Edison designed and built the first concrete homes in Union, New Jersey.
Photo courtesy of flyingmoose.org.

19. The first load of ready mix was delivered in Baltimore, Maryland.
Photo courtesy of Kuhlman Corp.

20. Photo courtesy of www.concreteconstruction.net.
1915—Colored Concrete
Lynn Mason Scofield founded L.M. Scofield, the first company to produce color for concrete.
Photo courtesy of

21. 1930—Air Entraining Agents
Air entraining agents were used for the first time in cement to resist against damage from freezing and thawing.

22. 1936—Hoover Dam
The Hoover Dam was built along the Colorado River, bordering Arizona and Nevada. It was the largest scale concrete project ever completed.

23. 1938—Concrete Overlay
John Crossfield added latex to portland cement, aggregate, and other materials to make coverings for ship decks.
Photo on right of modern concrete overlay, courtesy of Milagro Custom Flooring Solutions, LLC.

24. 1950's—Decorative Concrete Developed
Brad Bowman developed the Bomanite process in the mid 1950's in Monterey, California. (Courtesy of bomanite.com).

25. 1967—Concrete Sports Dome
The first concrete domed sports arena, known as the Assembly Hall, was built at the University of Illinois.

26. 1970's—Fiber Reinforcement
Fiber reinforcement was introduced as a way to strengthen concrete.

27. 1980's—Concrete Countertops
Buddy Rhodes, the father of the concrete countertop, cast his first countertop in the mid '80s.
(Photo courtesy of Cheng Design.)

28. Darrel Adamson designed the Engrave-A-Crete ® System.
1990—Concrete Engraving
Darrel Adamson designed the Engrave-A-Crete ® System.

29. 1992—Tallest Concrete Building
The tallest reinforced concrete building was built in Chicago, Illinois. The 65-story building is known only by its street address.

30. (Photo courtesy of HTC-America.)
1999—Polished Concrete
The first installation of a polished concrete floor in the US was a 40,000-square-foot warehouse floor for the Bellagio in Las Vegas.
(Photo courtesy of HTC-America.)

34. Placing and Finishing Concrete
Fig Patterned, textured, and colored concretes are very attractive. (59031, 53598, 59003, 47835, 44898)
Placing and Finishing Concrete

35. The Cement and Concrete Industry
Cement and Concrete manufacturing
Sand
Clay
Gypsum
Gravel
Lime
Kiln
Clinker
Mill
Cement
Mixer
Iron
Additions
Admixtures
Water
Slide
Research and Technological Development in the Cement and Concrete Industry – W. Dienemann

36. Types of Concrete:
There are various types of concrete for different applications that are created by changing the proportions of the main ingredients.
The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete will be mixed and delivered, and how it will be placed to form the structure.
Examples include:
Regular concrete
Pre-Mixed concrete
High-strength concrete
Stamped concrete
High-Performance concrete
UHPC (Ultra-High Performance Concrete)
Self-consolidating concretes
Vacuum concretes
Shotcrete
Cellular concrete
Roller-compacted concrete
Glass concrete
Asphalt concrete
Rapid strength concrete
Rubberized concrete
Polymer concrete
Geopolymer or Green concrete
Limecrete
Gypsum concrete
Light-Transmitting Concrete

37. LATEST TREND IN CONCRETE
ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE
ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
CELLULAR CONCRETE
SHOTCRETE
SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
FLOWABLE CONCRETE

38. Admixtures and Properties

39. Polypropylene Fibers Properties Benefits Background
Polypropylene is a recent additive to cement as of the 1960s, whereas other fibers are underway of being tested strength wise for concrete.
Properties
When regular concrete is under a great amount of compression it will spilt and deform on the spot into separate pieces once it reaches its greatest tensile load. Mixing sporadically polypropylene fibers into the cement will balance this effect by attaching to the other piece that wants to spilt away and maintain both sides for a longer duration.
Benefits
With the addition of polypropylene fiber in the mixture of concrete it enhances the toughness and tensile strength. When concrete is by itself it has the tendency to be very brittle especially in the area of a tensile test which is where the fibers come into play to build in where regular concrete lags, which can increase the compressive strength to a dramatic level.
In coastal areas there is a high concentration of chloride ions from the salty air, this creates corrosion with the steel product which produces rust as a result. This rust has the capacity to expand four to ten times larger than the iron causing a large expansion which makes crakes and voids. Polypropylene fibers now are underway in replacing the reinforcing steel in concrete, which has a much greater strength and can reach up to 20k psi.

40. Nanotechnology in Concrete
Nano-catalysts to reduce clinkering temperature in cement production
Silicon dioxide nano-particles (nanosilica) for ultra-high strength concrete
Incorporation of carbon nano-tubes into cement matrix would result in stronger, ductile, more energy absorbing concrete
Eco-binders (MgO, geopolymers, etc) modified by nano-particles with substantially reduced volume of portland cement

43. Sequential Steps of Concrete Work
Material Preparation
Reinforcement Preparation
Formwork Preparation
Batching of Concrete Ingredients
Mixing of Concrete
Transportation of Concrete
Placing of Concrete
Compaction of Concrete
Curing of Concrete
Standards and Tests

44. Sample collected
Slump Cone Filled
Cone Removed and Concrete
Allowed to ‘Slump’
Slump Measured

46. Transit Mix Truck (Ready-

47. HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE USED IN NEPAL
HAMA BUILDING-KAMALADI**M60
BHOTEKOSHI HYDROELECTIC PROJECT**M80
KALI GANDAKI-HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT**M120
CHAMELIYA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT**M80
PULCHOWK CAMPUS,MSC THESIS***M128
WORLDWIDE
USA IN BRIDGE***M150
EGYPT***M
INDIA***M180
MALAYSIA***M80,M120
PHD,ENGLAND,2004***M800(HIGHEST)

48. References and Bibliography www. encyclopedia,concrete,com www
References and Bibliography
Ambuja Technical Literature Series -66; Commentary and Guidelines for application of IS 456: 2000,Section-2.
Austin CK; Formwork Planning;3rd edition,1981
Dhir R K & Jones M R ; Innovation in concrete structure; 4 th edition, 2002.
Gambhir M L ; Concrete Technology, 2 nd edition ; Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi, 8th Reprint 2001
IS 456: 2000; IS Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, fourth revision;Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhawan,New Delhi.
IS 456:2000; Explanatory Hand-book for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, fourth revision; Bureau of Indian Standards,Manak Bhawan,New Delhi.
Neville A M ; Properties of Concrete; 4 th and Final edition; Pearson Edition Asia,2006.
P. kumar Mehta and Paulo J.M. Monteiro; CONCRETE: Microstructure, properties and Material, Indian Edition(p.n-17-39)
SHETTY M.S.; CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY: Theory and Practice,S.Chand and Company Ltd
Shrestha K M ; Production of very high Strength Concrete in Nepal; M.Sc. Thesis, I O E Pulchowk Campus, Decc
Taylor W H ; Concrete Technology and Practice