2. Updated November 2004 Created by C. Ippolito December 2001 Energy, Life, & Biosphere Chapter 3 Pages 50 - 65

3. Updated November 2004 Created by C. Ippolito December 2001 Energy and Nutrients Chapter 3 Pages 50 - 53

4. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Energy & Nutrients  Free Energy - energy that is available for organisms to use.  Chemical Energy - most common form found in nutrients.

5. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Energy  Two  Two basic types:  Kinetic  Kinetic - energy doing work  Potential  Potential - inactive or stored energy

6. Updated November 2004 Created by C. Ippolito December 2001 Forms of Energy Organisms use different forms of energy to do work

7. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004  Chemical Energy  stored  stored in bonds of chemical substances (potential)  when  when bonds are broken it does work (kinetic)  body  body activities “run” by energy in food organisms eat

8. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004  Electrical Energy  results  results from movement movement of charged particles particles (kinetic) –ions –ions move across cell membranes (nerve impulses)

9. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004  Mechanical Energy  directly  directly moves moves matter matter (kinetic) –muscles –muscles shorten (contract) to move bones

10. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004  Radiant Energy  travels  travels in waves waves (kinetic) –electromagnetic –electromagnetic energy energy (X-rays, light, radio waves, UV light)  light  light stimulate retina of eye for vision  UV  UV light cause tanning and from Vitamin D in skin

11. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Types of Nutrition  Autotrophs – make their own food molecules –Photosynthetic – use sunlight energy to combine inorganic molecules to form organic nutrients –Chemosynthetic – use oxidation and reduction chemical energy to combine inorganic molecules to form organic nutrients –Thermosynthetic – use heat energy from thermal vents in ocean to combine inorganic molecules to form organic nutrients  Heterotrophs - get energy from other organisms

12. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Cellular Respiration  Used by both autotrophs and heterotrophs to release energy from nutrients (food)

13. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Food Webs  Process by which energy is passed from organism to organism through the environment.

14. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Producers  Always form the basis of a food chain.  Are the green plants that carry out photosynthesis.

15. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Consumers  Organisms that eat others for nutrients –Primary Consumers - eat producers - herbivores –Secondary Consumers - eat other consumers

16. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Secondary Consumers ÊCarnivores - eat other animals as a predator - hunt ËScavengers - eat remains of animals killed by other ÌDetritivores - break down remains of producers & consumers  Decomposers – breakdown organic molecules into inorganic one reusable by producers

17. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Environment  An organism’s surroundings –Abiotic Factors - nonliving parts (air, water, weather). –Biotic Factors - other living organisms.

18. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Ecosystem  All of the abiotic and biotic factors in a particular area taken together as a whole.

19. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Habitat  The specific area within an ecosystem where a particular organism is adapted to survive.

20. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Biosphere  All of the ecosystems found on the planet earth.

21. Updated November 2004 Created by C. Ippolito December 2001 Energy Flow Chapter 3 Pages 53 - 58

22. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Energy Conversions  1st  1st Law of Bioenergetics Êenergy Êenergy can not be created or destroyed Ëit Ëit can change from one form to another

23. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Energy Conversions  2nd  2nd Law of Bioenergetics –When –When energy is transformed the process is inefficient –Some –Some “usable” energy is lost, there is less free energy to do work so entropy (disorder) increases

24. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Entropy  Is a measurement of the disorder of a system –when energy is transformed, some free energy is released, and there is more disorder  log burned - ashes less structured

25. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Energy / Entropy  Living systems need constant source of energy to maintain their order or structure  Without energy they literally “fall apart.”

26. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Metabolism  Is all of the chemical reactions that exist in all organisms –Catabolism - the chemical reactions that breakdown materials for free energy and building blocks –Anabolism - the chemical reactions that require free energy to build and maintain organisms

27. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Chemical Reactions  Reactants - the materials that participate in a reaction, they exist before the reaction begins.

28. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Chemical Reactions  Products - the materials that result after the reaction is completed, they are produce by the reaction.

29. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Free Energy  Is the energy available from a reaction to do work, it is represented by G. –Exergonic Reaction - the products have less free energy (- ∆ G) than the reactants, so free energy is released. –Endergonic Reaction - the products have more free energy (+∆G) than the reactants so free energy is taken in.

30. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Coupled Reactions  In organisms these two types of reactions occur together, or are coupled.  Exergonic (catabolic) reaction provides the energy needed to drive the endergonic (anabolic) reaction.

31. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 ATP  Cells can only use energy in the form of ATP.  ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate  it is a special energy holding nucleotide

32. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Structure of ATP ÊAdenine  ËRibose  ÌPhosphates  have energy  have energy

33. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 ATP releases Energy  To use energy the cell removes the last phosphate of the ATP molecule. –This releases energy:  ATP  ADP + P + free energy

34. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 Structure of ADP ÊAdenine  ËRibose  ÌPhosphates energy released energy released 

35. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 ADP stores Energy  To store energy the cell adds the last phosphate to the ADP molecule. –This stores energy:  ADP + P + free energy  ATP

36. Created by C. Ippolito December 2001Updated November 2004 ATP cycle  The cell continually does this using catabolism to make ATP from ADP. –Then using the ATP in anabolism reforming ADP.