1. Financial Issues in Higher Education Dr. David F. Finney

2. Proportion of Undergraduates Receiving Financial Aid, Fall 1989 U.S. National Data

3. Proportion of Undergraduates Receiving Financial Aid, Fall 1989 U.S. National Data

4. Total Financial Aid Spending by Source

5. Number of Recipients and Amount of Aid Per Recipient - Selected Federal Programs U.S. National Data

6. Trends in Student Financial Aid: 1987-1997 Constant 1996 Dollars in Billions Academic Year

7. Estimated Student Aid by Source for Academic Year (1996-1997) (current dollars in millions)

8. Growth in Federal Loan Volume (1992/1993 - 1996/1997) Loan Volume in Billions of Constant 1996 Dollars Academic Year

9. Fifteen-Year Changes in Tuition, Family Income, and Student Aid (Inflation Adjusted) Percent Change in Constant Dollars: 1980/81 -- 1995/96

10. Public and Private Subsidy Per Student

11. Public and Private Educational Expenditures

13. Enrollments Subsidy Educational Net Tuition Sticker General Individual % Increase Expenditures & Fee Price Subsidy Student in Sticker Price Aid Raises Net Price

14. Vulnerability to For Profit Competition The Most Vulnerable: Lowest 10% Of Subsidies

15. Vulnerability to For-Profit Competition: The Vulnerable: Lowest 30% of Subsidies

16. Expected Parental Contribution for Academic Year 1985-1986 as a Function of 1984 Family Income * Assumes a family of four with two parents, the student, and one additional dependent child.

17. New York State Tuition Assistance Program (TAP) Grants for Undergraduates at New York State Public and Private Colleges, 1985-1986

18. Changes in Median Family Income and College Costs: 1963 - 1987

19. Changes in Grants and College Costs: 1963 to 1987

20. Changes in Student Loans and College Costs: 1963 to 1987

21. Projected Changes in the Number of High School Graduates, 1995/1996 - 2005/2006 (in percents)

22. Federal Income Taxes - 1993

23. Share of Adjusted Gross Income - 1993

24. Title IV Programs: Summary Information

25. Federal Financial Aid Requirements

26. Overview of “Cost of Attendance” For most students, the statutory cost of attendance includes three basic components: –Tuition and Fees –Books, Supplies, Transportation, and Personal Expenses –Room and Board

27. California General Fund Appropriations (in millions of dollars)

28. California State Support for Public Higher Education (in dollars)

29. California Higher Education Participation Ratios Note: The participation ratio measures the number of FTE public college and university students divided by the number of new high school graduates

30. California Higher Education Student Enrollment Ratios Note: The student enrollment ratio measures the number of FTE public college and university students per 1,000 residents

31. California Funding for Public Higher Education (1985-1997) In Billions

32. California Student Financial Aid Allocations Percent Institution-Based Aid Campus Based Aid Other Federal Aid

33. Average Public Undergraduate Tuition and Fees -- California State ( in dollars)

35. Increases in Students’ Price of a Dollar’s Worth of Higher Education 1986-7 to 1994-5 0.3%Private Research Universities 1.8%Private Doctoral Universities 11.1%Private Liberal Arts Universities 12.6%Private Two-Year Colleges 15.5%Public Two-Year Colleges 18.0%Private Comprehensive Universities 40.0%Public Doctoral Universities 40.3%Public Research Universities 50.1%Public Comprehensive Universities 76.9%Public Liberal Arts Colleges

36. Revenues by Source for Higher Education - 1997

37. Higher Education’s Share of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product 1952-1997

38. Higher Education’s Share of Expenditures of State and Local Governments 1952-1997

39. State and Local Government Budget Share Changes 1982-1997 Health Highways Higher Educ Welfare Elem/Sec Educ All Other Police Exec/Leg/Jud Corrections Medical Care

40. Higher Education’s Share of Expenditures of the Federal Government 1952-1997

41. Higher Education’s Share of Personal Consumption Expenditures 1952-1997

42. Distribution of Responsibilities for Financing Higher Education 1952-1997

43. Higher Education’s Share of U.S. Gross Domestic Product and Population 1952-1997

44. Higher Education Enrollment Rates (1990-1994)

45. Educational Expenditures and GDP (1989 & 1994)

46. Pricing Educational Programs The following objectives should be sought in pricing educational systems: –Course programming should be maximally flexible –There should be no price disincentives to discourage students from taking additional courses to enhance their education –Financial pressures on students to graduate earlier than they wish should be minimal –There should be an effort to minimize the financial distribution between scholarship and non-scholarship students

47. Scaled Pricing Under a system of scaled pricing, a student pays more for the first and second courses, less for additional courses up to an accepted norm This form of pricing encourages taking courses for individual enrichment, not acceleration purposes

48. Two-Part Pricing Two part pricing partitions tuition into two parts: –The first part fixes prices to enrolling students independent of the number of courses taken –The second part fixes prices to the individual course The fixed price requires analyzing and segregating instructional and non-instructional costs. In two part pricing, there are no additional costs to the student for acceleration

49. Term Pricing Under the term pricing model, a flat tuition fee is charged each term. This schedule discourages part time study but does not penalize a student who wishes to take additional courses for credit

50. Unit Pricing Under a unit pricing system, students are charged a set price per course This system is generally in effect at institutions with large numbers of part time commuter students

51. U.S. Public High School Graduation Rates 1981 - 1996

52. Average Annual Income by Educational Attainment for Males 25 Years and Over - 1996 Educational Attainment

53. Average Annual Income by Educational Attainment for Females 25 Years and Over - 1996

54. College Attendance Rates for Recent High School Graduates 1959-1997

55. Higher Education Undergraduates Receiving Pell Grants 1975-76 to 1998-99

56. Federal Family Contribution Expectations 1997-1998

57. Total Tax Revenue as a Percent of Gross Domestic Product - 1992

60. Average College Costs, 1997-1998

61. Range of Tuition at 4-Year Institutions, 1997-1998

62. Highest Level of Educational Attainment for 1989-90 Beginning Postsecondary Students by Spring 1994

63. Public and Private Subsidy Per Student

64. Public and Private Educational Expenditures

66. Funds and Revenues of Higher Education Institutions by Source (in billions)

67. Inflation -Adjusted Percent Changes per FTE Student for Selected Institutional Types

68. Percentage of Undergraduates Receiving Financial Aid, by Type of Institution 1995-1996

69. The Maximum Pell Grant as a Share of Cost of Attendance, 1973 - 1996