1. Cells and their Organelles!

2. Objectives History of a Cell
Cell Organelles; Description and Functions
Difference between plant and animal cell

3. History of the Cell Cells first seen with a simple microscope
First cell seen by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Cell named and described by Robert Hook in 1665

4. Cell Theory: 1. Cells are the basic units of life
2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.

5. Types of Cells
Prokaryotic Cells lack a true nucleus and internal structures.
Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus and internal structures.

6. Plasma Membrane aka- Lipid Bilayer
Thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell’s contents from the world around it.
Functions like a gate, controlling what enters and leaves the cell.
Flexible and allows cell to change shape.

7. Lipid Bilayer
Cell membranes consist of 2 fatty acids, joined tail to tail.
The phosphate heads are polar and water loving
Lipid tails are nonpolar and water fearing

8. Cell Wall Provides support for the cell Surrounds all Plant Cells
Rigid and allows for little or no movement
Made of cellulose and starch

9. Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope
The “Brain” of the cell
Controls all activities and functions
Contains DNA in the form of Chromatin
One of the largest organelles in the cell

10. Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope
Surrounded by a Nuclear Envelope that is 4x as thick as any other membrane
Nuclear Envelope is a form of protection

11. Nucleolus and Nuclear Pores
Found in the center of the nucleus.
Responsible for making ribosomes
Allows for RNA and ribosomes to enter and exit the nucleus

12. Mitochondria! Powerhouse of the cell.
Transforms energy for the cell (food molecules are broken down).
Cellular Respiration occurs here.
Highly Folded for more surface area.
Can be several hundred per cell.

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments inside the cell
Production of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles
Ex: Tissues inside box

14. Rough ER Vs. Smooth ER Rough is coated with ribosomes, smooth isn’t
Rough- site of PROTEIN synthesis
Smooth- site of LIPID synthesis.

15. Golgi Apparatus Directs molecular traffic in the cell
Series of closely stacked, flattened membranes sacs

16. Golgi Apparatus
Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER and distributes them to plasma membrane
Has vesicles that act as packages.
Nickname UPS

17. Vacuoles Fluid filled sac surrounded by a membrane
Temporary storage of food, enzymes, and waste products
Usually one large vacuole in plants
Several smaller vacuoles in animal cells

18. Lysosomes AKA: Suicide Bags
Contain digestive enzymes to digest excess or worn out cell parts, food, invading viruses
Ex: Tadpole and its tail

19. Ribosomes
Particles where the cell assembles proteins according to the directions of the DNA
Not bound by a membrane- still considered a cell organelle
Made by the nucleolus
Found free floating in the cytoplasm and on Rough ER

20. Chloroplast Only found in Plant Cells Contains Chlorophyll
Photosynthesis occurs here
Each plant cell can have several chloroplast

21. Cytoskeleton
Made of Microtubules and Microfilaments. (Both made of protein)
Found throughout the cell
Provide shape, support, and structure to the cell

23. Cytoplasma The clear like fluid that surrounds inside the cell
Consist of almost 1/2 the volume of an animal cell
Chemical reactions occurs here

25. FLAGELLA
Flagella are usually singular (occasionally there are more) projections found on the outside of the cell.
Primary means of transportation and or movement.

26. Cillia
Several, hairlike projections that surround the outside of the a cell
Also used for movement and transportation

27. Plant Cell v/s Animal Cell
All Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall
All Plant cells contain the organelle Chloroplast
All plant cells usually have one large vacuole the can occupy 90% of the cell.