1. Control of Road Dust By Wongpun Limpaseni Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, THAILAND Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution: From Plan to Action February 12-14, 2001. United Nations Conference Center, Bangkok, Thailand

2. Control of Road Dust Contents 1. Introduction 2. Present Situation 3. Effectiveness of Present Program 4. Recommendation on Control Strategy 5. Action Plan Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

3. Introduction Three most important sources of PM10 in Bangkok road dust, industrial, vehicle emission Total PM10 emission in 2000 equals 60,000 ton per year Road cleaning is the most cost-effective measures in controlling dust BMA spend 82 million Baht and collected 25,000 cu.m. dust from the roads in year 2000 Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

4. Present Situation (1) Road Cleaning Operation by Public Cleansing Department and 50 district offices by private contractor in Thonburi Area Manual Method Mechanical Road Sweeper Washing with Water Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

6. Present Situation (2) Institutions Sources of road dust construction of buildings road construction utility works Agencies concerned BMA, Police, utility companies, mass transit companies Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

7. Present Situation (3) Laws and Regulations BMA Pollution Control Department Problems Pollution emitters law enforcers, laws and regulations co-ordination of construction works Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

8. Effectiveness of Present Program Amount of dust on road surface (Table 1) (Table 1) Resource, labor and cost in road cleaning (Table 2 and 3) (Table 2 and 3) Pilot project to determine effectiveness of different methods of road cleaning to evaluate private contractor for road cleaning operation Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

9. Road ClassRoad NameDustSilt g/sq.m. % 1Chakrapong26.013.5913.81 2Lanluang1.370.1712.50 3Charoenkrung2.600.3111.84 4Silom23.521.797.62 5Rama VI N17.150.965.58 5Rama VI S17.541.528.67 6Rajprarop5.050.152.94 7Pradipat6.390.284.35 8Issaraphap16.070.392.41 9Phaholyothin13.441.269.36 10Ramkhamhaeng6.330.528.14 11Ekamai27.903.1211.20 12Taksin2.420.3413.92 13Sukumvit10.241.009.77 14Charansanitwong 624.640.418.84 14Charansanitwong 652.930.124.26 15Expressway Tha Rua27.181.465.38 16Rama 3 N22.581.335.91 16Rama 3 S11.140.847.55 Average12.871.037.67 Table 1 Dust and Silt Loading on Paved Roads in Bangkok, 1996 Source: Wongpun Limpaseni, private communication

10. Table 2 Number of Mechanical Road Sweepers owned by BMA Agencies in charge Number of Mechanical Road Sweepers LargeMediumSmallTotal Public Cleansing Service Div 121215 District offices 19381774 Private contractor 511521 Total 365024110

11. Table 3 Activity Report of Mechanical Road Sweepers, April 1999 UnitLargeMediumSmallTotal Total Road SweepersTruck365024110 Number of Sweepers Reported Truck14201246 Sweepers in UseTruck1261028 Length of RoadKilometer6,1521,1362,4939781 Working HoursHours8343658492048 Dust CollectedCu.m.7871694291385 Distance travelled per Sweeper Km/day/truck17.096.318.3111.64 Working hours per Sweeper Hr/day/truck2.322.032.832.44 Dust collected per Sweeper Cu.m./day/ truck 2.190.941.431.65 Proportion of Sweepers in Use 0.860.300.830.61 Estimated total length for BMA Km/day52795166788 Estimated Dust Collected for BMA Cu.m./day671429110 Note: Report received from 21 districts out of 41 districts

13. Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (1) Comparing dust and silt loading on road surface before and after road cleaning Comparing different mechanical road sweepers with manual labor and washing with water Evaluate private contractor road cleaning operation Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

14. Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (2) BMA road cleaning efficiencytotal dustsilt manual labor15%6% large sweeper, large road21%12% medium sweeper, small road64%68% small sweeper, small road54%51% washing, large road38%31% Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

15. Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (3) Private contractor efficiencytotal dustsilt medium sweeper, large road38%32% medium sweeper, small road68%66% washing, large road55%57% washing, small road60%74% (Table 4 and 5) Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

16. Table 4 Efficiency of Road Cleaning Based on Total Dust Loading No.Efficiency on Bangkok side (%) Large SweeperMedium SweeperSmall SweeperWashing 6 lanes4 lanes 6 lanes 126.7673.1261.67_ 214.560.7150.1149.49 323.0756.8647.9547.17 Average21.4463.5653.2448.33 No.Efficiency Manual labor 4 lanes 115.10 212.15 316.67 Average14.64 No. Efficiency on Thonburi side (%) Sweeper Washing 2 lanes6 lanes2 lanes6 lanes 168.936.1852.5856.48 261.9740.5564.8650.8 373.9835.9460.5456.43 Average68.2537.6559.3354.57

17. No.Efficiency on Bangkok (%) Large SweeperMedium SweeperSmall SweeperWashing 6 lanes4 lanes 6 lanes 1-72.4953.41_ 223.3562.0242.0144.78 310.6569.2653.5161.04 Average17.0067.8849.6452.91 Table 5 Efficiency of Road Cleaning Based on Silt Loading No.Efficiency Manual labor 4 lanes 17.79 213.24 320.00 Average13.68 No. Efficiency on Thonburi side (%) Sweeper Washing 2lanes6 lanes2 lanes6 lanes 170.7327.2750.0056.98 262.9637.7886.3652.63 379.3629.4173.9160.27 Average71.0232.0073.6856.63

18. Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (4) BMA dust remains (g/sq.m.)total dustsilt manual labor2.110.28 large sweeper, large road2.440.59 medium sweeper, small road3.150.34 small sweeper, small road2.980.42 washing, large road0.840.12 Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

19. Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (5) Private contractor dust remains total dustsilt (g/sq.m.) medium sweeper, large road3.420.85 medium sweeper, small road3.560.53 washing, large road3.470.72 washing, small road1.370.19 Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

20. Recommendation on Control Strategy (1) Improve safety, health and working condition of human sweepers monitor and record safety data, health and compensation Improve record on road cleaning expenditure and effectiveness e.g. expense per hour or kilometer of road cleaned or ton of dust collected expand privatization program on road cleaning Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

21. Recommendation on Control Strategy (2) Strict enforcement of good construction practice and proper transportation of materials Better co-ordination in construction work on any particular road among utility companies and BMA Pave or greening of road shoulders, sidewalks and median strips Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

22. Basis for Action Plan Recommendation for cost-effective cleaning of roads sweep twice a week wash with water twice a week a day or two after sweeping Assumption on costs sweeping cost 600 Baht per kilometer of road washing cost 1,000 Baht per kilometer of road Feasibility study of piping cleaning water Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

23. Action Plan Privatization plan on road cleaning Year Cost per year Thonburi area 76 roads 128 km 200221.3 M + Outer Bangkok 138 roads 207 km 2003-200455.8 M + Inner Bangkok 330 road 208 km 2005-200690.4 M Total 544 roads 543 km 313.7 M for 5 years Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust