1. Organic Compound Nomenclature
Chapter 22

2. Key Categories Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Alcohols Esters Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Aromatics
Amines

3. Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons
All carbon bonds are single bonds to carbon or hydrogen
Naming is based on length of longest carbon chain
1 carbon = methane
2 carbon = ethane
3 carbon = propane
4 carbon = butane
5 carbon = pentane
6+ carbon follows number sequences (hex, hept, oct, etc)

4. Alkanes
Open-chain alkanes (without rings) all have the general formula CnH2n + 2, where n equals the number of carbon atoms

5. Alkyls
An Alkyl is an alkane with one open bond, usually bonded to a non-carbon item
Examples:
Methane becomes a methyl unit
Methyl bromide is methane where bromine replaces one hydrogen (CH3Br)

6. Alkenes and Alkynes
Unsaturated Carbon Bonds = Not all carbon bonds are bonded to hydrogen
Alkenes contain at least one double bond
Alkynes contain at least one Triple bond
Ethyne
Ethylene

7. Alcohols
Alcohols have an –OH bond attached to an end-of-chain carbon

8. Isomers 2 types – Stereo and structural Example: iso-propanol
Stereo-isomer has to do with location of the end elements relative to other ends
Structural isomers are where the differentiation is attached
Example: iso-propanol
Isopropanol
Propanol

9. Isomers
Structural Isomers are named by which carbon the active unit is attached to.
The n- isomer is the straight chain (propanol, also called propyl alchohol)
Isopropanol is really 2-isopropanol because the alcohol is attached to the 2 carbon.

10. Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes and ketones contain a Carbonyl Group
In a ketone, the carbonyl group is bonded to 2 other carbons
In an Aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom
Generic Aldehyde
Acetone
Formaldehyde

11. Esters & Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group at the end of the carbon chain
COOH
Generally weak acids
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form an ESTER where the carboxyl group (COO) is in the middle of the chain.
Usually have sweet fruity odors

12. Esters and Carboxylic acids

13. Amines An Amine is a carbon chain with an NH3 attached.
A derivative of ammonia where one N-H bond is replaced with a N-C bond.
Naming uses amino- as prefix to name the compound
2-aminobutane

14. Aromatics
Aromatic hydrocarbons is a special class of unsaturated cyclic compounds
Simplest is benzene (C6H6)
Best description utilizes hybridized sp2 orbitals to form C-C bonds and C-H bonds, while the remaining 2p orbital is used to create a delocalized pi (double) bond.
Toluene
Benzene