1. Common Commercial Construction Materials
Chapter 45
Common Commercial Construction Materials

2. Links for Chapter 45 Wood Steel Construction Concrete Block
Common Connectors
Poured Concrete
Related Web Sites

3. Wood Platform construction is similar to residential construction
Walls are framed the same but require a different finish to obtain a specific fire rating
Roof trusses or joists are 24” to 36” o.c.
Purlins are smaller beams placed between larger beams

4. Wood

5. Wood Heavy timber includes members 5” X 5” up to 12” X 12”
Used for appearance and structural reasons
Excellent fire-rating
Represent posts with lines similar to the walls
Represent beams with dashed lines
Use text to note both beams and posts

6. Wood

7. Wood
Laminated beams are smaller members glued together for a stronger beam
Used in open areas like churches and gyms
Single-span beams are used in standard platform framing
Tudor and three-hinged arch members are a post-and-beam system combined

8. Wood
Beams are represented in four different ways

9. Concrete Block
Concrete blocks are durable and relatively inexpensive to maintain and install
Manufactured in 8 X 8 X 16 modules
Actual block is smaller to allow for mortar
Walls even numbered should end in 0” or 8”
Walls odd numbered long should end in 4”

10. Concrete Block Bold lines represent edges of the masonry
Thin lines represent hatching the edge of the wall at 45°
Dimension the size and location of blocks on the floor plan
Pilasters are thick parts of the foundation used to carry heavier loads

11. Concrete Block

12. Concrete Block
Steel reinforcement, called rebar, improves resistance to tension forces
Rebar ranges from 3/8” to 1 3/8” diameter and is deformed or smooth

13. Concrete Block Steel is centered in the wall cavity
Specify the quantity of bars, size, direction, and grade
Steel is not drawn in floor plan

14. Poured Concrete
Concrete is made of sand and gravel bonded with cement and water
Steel reinforcement is used inside a form
Forms are used to pour concrete into
Show sizes and steel placement on the drawing
Floors are usually reinforced poured concrete

15. Poured Concrete

16. Poured Concrete
Walls or other components are formed off site and transported to the job site
Sections are joined with a metal flange
Prestressed concrete has cables placed in them and they are pulled before the concrete hardens

17. Poured Concrete

18. Poured Concrete
Tilt-up is a method of using preformed wall panels which are lifted in place
Concrete is poured around the steel

19. Steel Construction
Steel studs meet requirements for Type 1, 2, and 3 construction methods
Designed for rapid assembly
Lightweight, noncombustible, and strong
Range in size from 3 5/8” to 10”
Produced with 12 to 20 gage steel
Specify as: 362SJ20 STEEL STUDS BY UNIMAST

20. Steel Construction
Steel joists offer the same advantages over wood as steel studs
Nested joists are placed around another joist
Available in lengths up to 40’
Can support greater loads over longer spans
Specify as:14K4 OPEN WEB STEEL O.C.

21. Steel Construction
Corrugated steel decking is used for lightweight floors
Steel decking is attached to the floor or roof with screws or welds

22. Steel Construction
Prefabricated steel structures are built in modular units with given spans, wall heights, and lengths
Tapered members allow a minimum amount of material to be used
Metal siding is screwed to girts to complete the wall

23. Steel Construction
The Manual of Steel Construction (AISC) is the code book for steel construction

24. Steel Construction Steel is specified as a plate, bar, or a shape
Specify sizes, steel type, and other information on drawings
Joints for steel construction are either welded or bolted

25. Common Connection Methods
Nails are common connectors for wood less than 1 1/2” thick
Must penetrate a connecting member by half of its thickness
Nails are common, deformed, box, and spikes
Measured as a penny (d)
Specify as: 2 X 6 DFL SILL O.C.

26. Common Connection Methods
Nailing is determined by how accessible the nail head is during construction
Face Nailing - Nail is driven through face of one board into face of another
End Nailing - Nail goes through face of one board into then end of another

27. Common Connection Methods
Nail placing methods
Toe Nailing - Nails are driven through faces and are at 90° to each other
Blind Nailing - Nails are not seen such as in flooring materials
Edge, field, and boundary nailing refer to the placement of nails on the sheathing

28. Common Connection Methods

29. Common Connection Methods
Staples are used connecting asphalt roofing materials
Power-driven studs are used to anchor wood or metal to masonry members

30. Common Connection Methods
Screws are twisted into the material and are resistant to withdrawal
Flathead, roundhead, and lag screws are most common
Specify the diameter, length, type, and if washers are used

31. Common Connection Methods

32. Common Connection Methods
Metal framing connectors are used to strengthen nailed connections
Specify on plans by listing model number and type of connector
Nails or bolts are used with the metal fastener for extra support

33. Common Connection Methods

34. Common Connection Methods
Bolts include anchor, machine, and carriage
Anchor bolts are L-shaped and are inserted into the concrete to hold lumber down
Machine bolts are used to attach steel and wood members
Carriage bolts connect steel to other metal members

35. Common Connection Methods
Other bolts include stud, drift, expansion and toggle
Washers keep the bolt head and nut from pulling through the wood

36. Common Connection Methods

37. Common Connection Methods
Welding provides a rigid connection between pieces of steel
Welded pieces become one
Welding is stronger, greater resistance to shear or rotational forces, and can support greater loads
Specify welds with a symbol and notation

38. Common Connection Methods

39. Common Connection Methods
Fillet welds are formed in the internal corner of two pieces of steel
Square groove weld is used when the steel edges are perpendicular and joined end to end
V-groove weld is when the steel forms a V shape

40. Common Connection Methods
Beveled weld is when one piece of steel has a beveled edge
U-groove weld is when two mating pieces form a U
J-groove weld is when one piece has a perpendicular edge and the other has a curved grooved edge

41. Common Connection Methods

42. Common Connection Methods

43. Related Web Sites
American Institute of Steel Construction -
American Institute of Timber Construction -
American Welding Society -
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute -
Steel Joist Institute -