1. 6 . 4
Antonymy (反意性)
이 경민

2. Contradictory terms Contrary terms Relative terms
6.4.1
Types of Antonymy
Contradictory terms
Contrary terms
Relative terms

3. 6.4.1 Types of Antonymy
Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition.
Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
There are a variety of ‘oppositeness’.
They can be classified in to three major groups.

4. 1. Contradictory terms
They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit possibility between them.
In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be.
For example, ---- and there exists no such where the animal is both dead and alive.
someone say in a technical sense it was alive but for practical purpose it was dead.
The same applicable to -----and so on.
If something is imperfect, no matter how slight the imperfection, the fact remains that the thing cannot be
Perfact.
An animal is either dead or alive
present/ absent boy/girl
male/ female true/ false

5. 2. Contrary terms
Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes
rich/ poor, old/ young, big/ small,
This kind of form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other as shown below.
NORM
huge/very big/big/quite big/medium sized/quite small/small/tiny
Pole means 極 . Antonyms such as ----.
Antonyms of this kind form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle
ground belonging neither to nor pole nor to the other as shown below.
Norm means standard.
So if you can read 113 page, more examples to understand contrary terms.
-----(txt 읽기)-단어 뜻. 알려주기

6. 3. Relative terms
This third type consists of relational opposites such as parent/ child, husband/wife, predecessor/ successor, employer/ employee.
This type also includes reverse terms.
sell/ buy
A sells something to B.
A sells it to B.
B buys something from A
The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without
Suggesting the other.
This type also includes reverse terms, which comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality, action or
state of the other.
----
It is clear that two words of each pair are interdependent.

7. Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms
6.4.2
Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms
(1~4) .

8. 6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (1)
Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.
Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites.
read, hit, house, book, power, magazine
Therefore, in a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.

9. 6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (2)
A word which has more than one meaning can have more than nor antonym.
word antonyms
fast : firm, secure loose
fast : pleasure-seeking sober
or wild
dull : boring interesting
fast is used in the sense of firm, or secure, then the antonym will be loose.
When it means quick the antonym will be slow.
And fast means pleasure-seeking or wild, the opposite will be sober.

10. 6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (3)
Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.
Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.
We can say male/ female dog, but we cannot use these adjectives with bitch.
man/ woman
dog/ bitch
In many pairs we find that one member is more specific than the other and the meaning of the specific
Than the other the meaning of the specific is included in that of the general.
Of the pair bitch are marked terms and their opposite is the unmarked.

11. 6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (3)
tall/short
[36] How tall is his brother?
[37] How short is his brother?
[36] includes the meaning of [37].
[37] is much more restricted in sense
and is considered semantically abnormal.
The same is true of ---. In each pair, the second terms is more restricted in use than the first.
The use of tall dose not exclude the possibility of his brother being very short.
[37] is much more restricted in sense and is considered semantically abnormal unless the speaker is particularly interested in the ‘shortness’ of his brother or curious enough to hind out how short his brother is.

12. 6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (4)
Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each such has its own corresponding opposite.
hot – warm – cool - cold
The opposite of hot is cold and that of warm is
cool. We can’t regard cool as the antonym of
hot or cold as the antonym.
intensity
Hot and warm are synonyms. Their difference lies in intensity.
Their difference lies in intensity.
Correspondingly, they each have a difference antonym.

13. 6, 4, 3
The Use of Antonyms

14. 6.4.3 The Use of Antonyms
Antonyms have various practical uses and have
long proved helpful and valuable in defining
the meaning of words.
Antonyms are useful in enabling us to express
to economically the opposite of a particular
though, often for the sake of contrast.

15. 6.4.3 The Use of Antonyms Many idioms are formed with antonyms, they
look neat and pleasant, and sound rhythmic.
rain or shine now or never
here and there thick and thin
weal and woe high and low
friend or foe give and take
Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to
achieve to emphasis by putting contrasting
ideas together.
Easy come, easy go.
More haste, less speed
United we stand, divided we fall
Proverbs and saying provide us with good ex
So many great writers fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purpose.
YOU can find 찰스 디킨즈 프렌티 레볼루션. Text and can easy to sunderstand.

16. 6.5
Hyponymy (下意語)

17. 6.5 Hyponymy animal flower lion rose tulip
Hyponymy deals with the relationship of
semantic inclusion.
The meaning of a more specific word is
included in that of another more general word.
Super- ordinate terms
animal
flower
Subordinate terms
hyponyms
lion
rose
elephant
tulip
These specific words are known as--. Ex-----The general words flower and animal are the subordinate terms.
The general words flower and animal are super ordinate terms and the more specific ones ---are
Subordinate terms. Hyponymous sets also include things like

18. Hyponymy
Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graph, with higher- order as superordinates above the lower subordinates.
creature living things
animal plant
horse dog pig insect vegetable flower tree
butterfly cabbage rose pine
mare hound boar

19. Hyponymy
Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness and concreteness.
[40a] Trees surround the water near our summer place.
[40b]Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
[41a] I met a writer who is the relation of a politician.
[41b] I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of
Senator Buckley.
[b] is better than sentence [a] !!
Because in b the writer uses subordinates, which are concrete and precise, presenting a vivid verbal
reader whreas in a the words sues are subordinates, which convey only a general and vague idea.

20. 6 . 6
Semantic Field
(意味場)

21. Semantic Field
The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘emotions’, others smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘colour’.
Viewing the total meaning is this way is the basis of field theory.
The words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields.
fruits
celery, lettuce, leek, cucumber, potato, carrot
Colours
red, orange, yellow, green, white, black, blue

22. 6.6 Semantic Field Words in catch field are semantically related and
define one another.
It is a general belief that the meaning does not
exist the word itself, but it rather spreads over
the neighbouring words, because the
neighbouring words identify the semantic field
and help pin down the meaning.

23. Semantic Field
The vocabulary of a language is in constant change; old items drop out, new items come in, and as the new replace the old, so the internal relations of the whole set alter.
female
male
unmarried
Miss Mr
married
Mrs
neutral
This is a simple and familiar example of this is one corner of the personal address system in modern English.
20 years ago, the semantic space was divided up as in. this.

24. Semantic Field
The same semantic field has now reorganized itself as in :
female
male
unmarried
Miss Mr
married
Mrs
neutral Ms
Another point worth is that the semantic field of t same concept may not have the same members in different languages. Please refer to table for kinship.

25. Thank you