2. UNUSUAL BUILDINGS AND VULNERABILITY IN EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. BACKGROUND

4. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LACK OF ATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE CASE HISTORIES

5. BUILDING ELEVATIONS FACT: Unnecessary horizontal and vertical changes in symmetry, mass, and stiffness will increase a building’s vulnerability to strong ground shaking.FACT: Unnecessary horizontal and vertical changes in symmetry, mass, and stiffness will increase a building’s vulnerability to strong ground shaking.

6. FACT: UNUSUAL BUILDINGS ARE LIKELY TO BE MORE VULNERABLE IN AN EARTHQUAKE

7. A CHURCH: REYKJAVEK, ICELAND

8. ATLANTIS HOTEL: DUBAI, UAE

9. EMP MUSEUM: SEATTLE, WASHINGTON (USA)

10. A LIBRARY: KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI (USA)

11. A HOTEL: PYONGYANG, NORTH KOREA

12. “THE GHERKIN,” AN OFFICE BUILDING: LONDON

13. SKY CITY (2,749 FEET--NOT YET FINISHED) : CHANGSHA, CHINA

14. REGULARITY IN A BUILDING’S ELEVATION REDUCES ITS VULNERABILITY TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING

15. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 1-2 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE None, if attention given to foundation and non-structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. X- Cracks around windows. BUILDING ELEVATION Box

16. DAMAGED HOUSE:CHINA

17. ASYMMETRY AND LATERAL CHANGES: CHINA

18. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 1 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation. BUILDING ELEVATION Pyramid

19. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 4 - 6 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Inverted Pyramid

20. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 5 - 6 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join. BUILDING ELEVATION “L”- Shaped Building

21. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 3 - 5 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower. BUILDING ELEVATION Inverted “T”

22. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 2 - 3 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor. BUILDING ELEVATION Multiple Setbacks

23. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 4 - 5 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Overhang

24. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 6 - 7 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Partial “Soft” Story

25. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 8 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors. BUILDING ELEVATION “Soft” First Floor

26. THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY

27. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 9 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Combination of “Soft” Story and Overhang

28. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure. BUILDING ELEVATION Building on Sloping Ground

29. SOFT STORY BUILDING ON SLOPING GROUND: CHINA TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES

30. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 8 - 9 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transition in stiffness and cause failure of individual members. BUILDING ELEVATION Theaters and Assembly Halls

31. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 9 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transition in mass and stiffness may cause failure columns. BUILDING ELEVATION Sports Stadiums

32. SIMPLICITY IN A BUILDING’S FLOOR PLAN REDUCES ITS VULNERABILITY TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING

33. BUILDING FLOOR PLANS FACTFACT: CHANGING FLOOR PLANS FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX AND FROM SYMMETRICAL TO ASYMMETRICAL WILL INCREASE A BUILDING’S VULNERABILITY TO GROUND SHAKING.

34. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 1 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS None, if symmetrical layout maintained. FLOOR PLAN Box

35. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 2 - 4 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Differences in length and width will cause differences in strength, differential movement, and possible overturning. FLOOR PLAN Rectangle

36. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 2 - 4 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at corners. FLOOR PLAN Street Corner

37. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 5 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry will enhance damage at corner regions. FLOOR PLAN “U” - Shape

38. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 4 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Open space in center reduces resistance and enhance damage at corner regions. FLOOR PLAN Courtyard in Corner

39. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 8 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at intersection and corners. FLOOR PLAN “L” - Shape

40. TORSION: CHINA

41. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 5 - 7 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner. FLOOR PLAN “H” - Shape

42. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 8 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting. FLOOR PLAN Complex Floor Plan

43. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 5- 9 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry and irregularities will cause torsion and enhance damage along boundaries and at corners. FLOOR PLAN Curved Plan