1. Working and Playing Well with Others Sharon L. Milgram, Director NIH OITE www.training.nih.gov

2. With Thanks to:  The NPA Board  Otto-Kroeger & Associates & Hile Rutledge  OITE Career Services Center  Lori Conlan & Shawn Mullen, NIH OITE

3. Why Are We Here?

4. Introduction to Type Theory  Developed by Carl Jung to:  describe individual hard-wired preferences that explain basic similarities and differences between people  Main postulate of the theory is that people have inborn cognitive preferences  These tend to represent our natural response in daily situations  Exercising these preferences tends to make us feel more competent and energetic  Could be defined as those behaviors we often don’t notice

5. The Development of the MBTI ® Instrument  Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs expanded on Jung’s work by developing an instrument to help people identify their preferences  The MBTI tool is an indicator of personality type (i.e. innate preferences) that has proven to be remarkably reliable and valid  Represents the result of over 60 years of research  Is used globally in many settings; over 2 million people each year  Translated into many languages and used in many countries

6. What is a Preference?

7. Four MBTI ® Dichotomies Extraversion – Introversion E - I dichotomy Where do you prefer to focus your attention and get your energy? Sensing – iNtuition S - N dichotomy How do you prefer to take in information? Thinking – Feeling T - F dichotomy How do you prefer to make decisions? Judging – Perceiving J - P dichotomy How do you deal with the outer world?

8. Four MBTI ® Dichotomies Extraversion – Introversion E - I dichotomy Where do you prefer to focus your attention and get your energy? Sensing – iNtuition S - N dichotomy How do you prefer to take in information? Thinking – Feeling T - F dichotomy How do you prefer to make decisions? Judging – Perceiving J - P dichotomy How do you deal with the outer world?

9. Four MBTI ® Dichotomies Extraversion – Introversion E - I dichotomy Where do you prefer to focus your attention and get your energy? Sensing – iNtuition S - N dichotomy How do you prefer to take in information? Thinking – Feeling T - F dichotomy How do you prefer to make decisions? Judging – Perceiving J - P dichotomy How do you deal with the outer world?

10. Four MBTI ® Dichotomies Extraversion – Introversion E - I dichotomy Where do you prefer to focus your attention and get your energy? Sensing – iNtuition S - N dichotomy How do you prefer to take in information? Thinking – Feeling T - F dichotomy How do you prefer to make decisions? Judging – Perceiving J - P dichotomy How do you deal with the outer world?

11. Yes, But  Type theory suggests you have a hard-wired preference for each of the four dichotomies of the MBTI  But we CAN and DO access our non-preferred functions and attitudes  Stress tends to first accentuate Type, then bring out opposite without polish or skill There is no good or bad, better or worse Type -- all have strengths and all have liabilities  Understanding the strengths and liabilities of our Type can greatly increase our effectiveness and enhance our relationships

12. The E - I Dichotomy  Where we get our energy and recharge our battery Page 8 - 9  Extraversion: gain energy from the outer world of people, places, and things OR  Introversion: gain energy from the inner world of ideas, thoughts, and concepts

13. E - I Dichotomy What they look and sound like: People who prefer Extraversion often: Talk to think - in realtime Prefer verbal communication Find listening difficult Prefer action over reflection Like to work in groups Appear approachable & social People who prefer Introversion often: Think first - then talk Prefer written communication Are perceived as good listeners Learn best by reflecting first Like to work alone or in pairs Appear reserved & contemplative

14. E - I Dichotomy In Action  Find 2 – 3 neighbors to work with  Topic for discussion:  Reflecting on recent situations in your research or work group where the E - I dichotomy came into play, consider these general questions:  what does each preference bring to the group?  what are the potential risks of each preference?

15. E - I Dichotomy: Which Do You Prefer? Externally Directed Action Gregarious Expressive Publicly Disclosing Speak-to-think Breadth Internally Directed Reflection Reserved Contained Publicly Guarded Think-to-speak Depth E : Extraversion I : Introversion

16. The S - N Dichotomy  The way we prefer to take in data Page 4 - 5  Sensing: first focus on the facts and data in the here-and-now OR  iNtuition: first focus on patterns and look quickly toward future possibilities

17. S - N Dichotomy What they look and sound like: People who prefer Sensing often: Talk in specifics and focus on the details Focus on the present rather than the future implications Focus on the data more than the theory Get frustrated when others don’t give specific instructions People who prefer iNtuition often: Talk in generalities and focus on the big picture Focus on future possibilities rather than the work at hand Focus on theory & data patterns more than the data Get frustrated when others give overly specific instructions

18. S - N Experiment: What is Time? Sensing: Microsecond, Millisecond, second Minute Hour Day Week Month Year As measured by a watch, calendar, or PDA iNtuition Time is a river flowing through our lives— binding us all together, yet taking us in different directions

19. S - N Dichotomy: Which Do You Prefer? Page 4 - 5 S : Sensing N : iNtuition  Details  Literal  Actual  Specifics  Here-and-now  Five Senses  Patterns  Figurative  Theoretical  Generalizations  Possibilities  Sixth Sense

20. S - N Dichotomy among US teachers SN K-870%30% 9-1250% College30%70% Grad School 10%90%

21. T-F Dichotomy: An Experiment  You are the head of a workgroup with seven employees. You were recently asked to trim your budget and cut one employee. How do you go about making the decision of who to lay-off?

22. The T - F Dichotomy  The way we prefer to make decisions Page 6 - 7  Thinking: decision making is detached, analytical and driven by objective information OR  Feeling: decision making is values-centered and driven by subjective information

23. T - F Dichotomy What they look and feel like People who prefer Thinking tend to: Take pride in being objective, even if others find that behavior cold and uncaring Settle disputes based on what is fair & truthful Happily argue both sides of an issue, just for the sake of it Value being right over being liked People who prefer Feeling tend to: Take pride in being attached and sensitive, even if others find that behavior inconsistent or circumstantial Settle disputes based on feelings and values Shrink from and work to minimize conflict Value being liked over being seen as right

24. T - F Dichotomy: Which Do You Prefer? T : Thinking F : Feeling  Objective  Cause-effect logic  Clarity  Analytical  Problem - then people  Critique  Subjective  Values-centered logic  Harmony  Circumstantial  People - then problem  Appreciate

25. The J - P Dichotomy  How do you deal with the outer world? Page 10 - 11  Judging: public face is the decision making (judging) function OR  Perceiving: public face is the data collection (perceiving) function

26. The Four Dichotomies of the MBTI energy flow attitude EI Outer-world orientation attitude JP Perceiving function S N Judging function TF

27. J - P Dichotomy What they look and feel like People who prefer Judging often: Plan in advance, make a schedule and follow it Are irritated by unexpected changes in protocols or activities Like to work things through to completion Give strong and clear directions; may seem bossy People who prefer Perceiving often: Avoid planning and wait to see what unfolds Enjoy changing protocols and activities, even last minute Are easily distracted and diverted from deadlines Answer questions with questions; may seem indecisive

28. J - P Dichotomy In Action Lori’s trip to the mountains:  Advanced reservations made for hotels, some meals and sightseeing  Google Maps directions printed out in glove compartment  Phoned all friends and arranged good times for visits; scheduled each in advance  Researched and selected hiking trails in advance  Left on schedule; all provisions packed for ease of use Sharon’s mountain trip:  Bookmarked a list of possible hotels; no planning for meals or sightseeing  Googled for directions at the gas station heading out of town  Shot friends an email to see if they might be around sometime for a visit  Stopped at trail shop in town to get suggestions  Left late and stopped at two stores to get provisions

29. J - P Dichotomy: Which Do You Prefer? Page 10 - 11 J : Judging P : Perceiving  Closure  Structured  Ordered  Decisive  Scheduled  Control  Directive  Options  Open-ended  Go-with-the-flow  Tentative  Flexible  Adaptable  Non-directive/facilitative

30. My MBTI Preferences E or IS or NT or FJ or P I believe my Type preferences are: Page 12, 13 - 30.  Read appropriate descriptions on pages 13 - 30 to help you validate your Type and reconcile differences between your self-reported and reported Types.

31. Questions? S N PerceivingHow we prefer to take in information TF JudgingHow we prefer to make decisions EI Energy flow Where we prefer to direct our energy JP Outer-world orientationHow we prefer to relate to the outer world

32. Looking At Our Group E55%60% I45%40% S70%50% N30%50% T50% (M=60%) (F=40%) 70% F50%30% J50%70% P50%30% GENNPA

33. Attitude Pairs in Action  Divide into four groups: EJ, EP, IJ, IP  Discuss the following:  How do I usually get my way or make sure my ideas are adopted in a group?  Be prepared to report out a few of your group’s observations

34. Final Thoughts: Leadership & Type An Ideal Leader is…  Action-oriented, able to engage team members  Contemplative, careful before speaking  Pragmatic, focused on important details  Visionary, and able to see the big picture  Logical, making decisions based on data  Compassionate, keeping the “team” in mind  Planful; focused on milestones and deadlines  Adaptable and open to new ideas Adapted from: Teambuilding Program (2 nd Edition), E. Hirsh, K. W. Hirsh, S. Krebs Hirsh, 2003, CPP, Inc.

35. Leadership & Type An Ideal Leader is…  Action-oriented, able to engage team members (Extravert)  Contemplative, careful before speaking (Introvert)  Pragmatic, focused on important details (Sensing)  Visionary, and able to see the big picture (iNtuition)  Logical, making decisions based on data (Thinking)  Compassionate, keeping the “team” in mind (Feeling)  Planful; focused on milestones and deadlines (Judging)  Adaptable and open to new ideas (Perceiving)

36. Taking it Home  Use the MBTI workbook  Good books: TypeTalk & TypeTalk At Work  Types I-App  Visit your career center to further discuss your assessment

37. Keep In Touch  Email: milgrams@od.nih.gov  www.training.nih.gov to watch our career development videos, download our podcasts, or link to out Career Center Blog www.training.nih.gov  Let us know if you will be visiting the NIH campus; we are happy to talk

39. An NIH Type Table (Lab-based) ISTJ 16/18 ISFJ 4/2 INFJ 4/0 INTJ 8/12 ISTP 2/2 ISFP 2/2 INFP 4/4 INTP 10/6 ESTP 5/0 ESFP 1/0 ENFP 4/6 ENTP 13/6 ESTJ 8/12 ESFJ 5/0 ENFJ 6/4 ENTJ 8/24 Trainee % of total, N=210 Mentors % of total, N=49