1. 1 Control Strategies in CCAMLR Fisheries Graeme Parkes Vessel: Maya V Image courtesy of ADF

2. 2 Organisation responsible for the m Organisation responsible for the management of fisheries in the Antarctic Established under the Antarctic Treaty System in 1982 in response to concerns about the expansion of harvesting of krill and decline in finfish resources Established under the Antarctic Treaty System in 1982 in response to concerns about the expansion of harvesting of krill and decline in finfish resources International Commission with 24 Members and 10 States party to the Convention International Commission with 24 Members and 10 States party to the Convention Signed Convention with the objective of the conserving Antarctic marine living resources within the Convention Area Signed Convention with the objective of the conserving Antarctic marine living resources within the Convention Area Convention sets out Principles of Conservation that are implemented through Conservation Measures Convention sets out Principles of Conservation that are implemented through Conservation Measures CCAMLR:The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

3. 3 CCAMLR Fisheries Toothfish Longline Toothfish Longline Icefish Trawl Toothfish Trawl Krill Trawl Icefish Trawl

4. 4 Members of the Commission 16 fishing, 7 non-fishing plus EC 1 ARGENTINA*13NAMIBIA 2 AUSTRALIA**14NEW ZEALAND** 3 BELGIUM15NORWAY* 4 BRAZIL16POLAND** 5 CHILE**17RUSSIA** 6 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY18SOUTH AFRICA* 7 FRANCE**19SPAIN** 8 GERMANY20SWEDEN 9 INDIA21UKRAINE** 10 ITALY22UNITED KINGDOM** 11 JAPAN**23UNITED STATES OF AMERICA* 12 KOREA, REPUBLIC OF**24URUGUAY* States party to the Convention but not Members of the Commission 1 BULGARIA6GREECE 2 CANADA7MAURITIUS 3 CHINA, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF8NETHERLANDS 4 COOK ISLANDS9PERU 5 FINLAND10VANUATU ** major fishing nation; * minor fishing nation

5. 5 CCAMLR Conservation Measures ComplianceMarking of vessels and gear Licensing and Inspection of vessels; vessel sightings Port inspections (vessels carrying toothfish) VMS (all fisheries except krill) Catch Documentation Scheme (toothfish) Schemes to promote compliance by: Contracting Party vessels (CP IUU vessel list) Non-Contracting Party vessels (port access; NCP IUU list) Contracting Party nationals (1 July 2008) General Fishery Matters Notification of a New Fishery Participation in an Exploratory Fishery Mesh size limits and measurement of mesh size Data reporting systems Research exemption and experimental fishing Minimisation of incidental mortality Fishery Regulations Fishing seasons, closed areas, prohibition of fishing Bycatch limits Conservation measures for specific fisheries: toothfish, icefish, krill, crab and squid Protected areasEcosystem monitoring sites

6. 6 What type of IUU Fishing? Inside EEZ, outside CCAMLR (illegal) Inside EEZ and CCAMLR (illegal) High Seas, inside CCAMLR (unreported or illegal) High Seas outside CCAMLR (unregulated) South Georgia (UK) Kerguelen (FR) Crozet Island (FR) Prince Edward Island (RSA) Heard Island (AUS) South Sandwich Islands (UK) Ross Sea

7. 7 Main Compliance Issue: Longlining For Toothfish

8. 8 Illegal and unregulated fishing - bad for toothfish and bad for birds Illegals: up to 9 birds/ thousand hooks, unobserved Legals: <0.01 birds/ thousand hooks, observed Average 10 thousand hooks per line

9. 9 History of illegal fishing for Toothfish 1991 Apr 1996 Dec 1996 Jan 2002 Ross Sea

10. 10 IUU operations Fleets of 3-8 vessels Fleets of 3-8 vessels Owner usually bare-boat charters to operating company, all in different countries. Owner usually bare-boat charters to operating company, all in different countries. Frequent reflagging and company changes Frequent reflagging and company changes Camuoco (Panama) arrested by France in 58.5.1, 1999 Arvisa 1 (Uruguay) seen by Australia in 58.4.2, 2002 (claimed it was the Kambott, ID disputed by Uruguay) Eternal 1 (Netherlands Antilles) arrested by France in 58.5.1, 2002

11. 11 At-sea Enforcement in the CCAMLR Area CCAMLR System of Inspection: Introduced in 1988 with subsequent amendments Provides a general framework for the designation of inspectors by Members, procedures for the inspection of vessels (including the authority of the Inspectors) and reporting of findings to the Commission. No centralised CCAMLR surveillance and inspection capability (other than the VMS) All surveillance and inspections carried out by Members at their own expense. Since 2000, 71 Inspections have been reported to CCAMLR. All but three of these were in Subarea 48.3 (South Georgia); 67 by the UK and 1 by Chile. 3 inspections by Australia in Division 58.4.3b 2006/07.

12. 12 Active surveillance and enforcement within the CCAMLR Area is overwhelmingly carried out by Coastal States: UK (South Georgia) Australia (Heard and MacDonald Islands) France (Kerguelen and Crozet) South Africa (Prince Edward and Marion Islands) Some cooperative action (e.g. Viarsa 1) At Sea Enforcement in the CCAMLR Area

13. 13 Viarsa 1 Map from Australian Customs Service web site Viarsa 1 apprehended in August 2003 for alleged illegal fishing in Australian waters surrounding Heard Island and McDonald Island (HIMI). Trial in December 2004 resulted in hung jury; retrial in September 2005 resulted in acquittal. Cost: in excess of AUS $4.5 million. Benefit: negative

14. 14 Examples of recent successful actions against IUU Toothfish vessels (COLTO web site) Russian flagged vessels Volga and Lena apprehended in February 2002 for fishing illegally in the Heard Island and McDonald Island (HIMI) EEZ; Lena forfeited to the Australian Government; 80 tonnes of catch sold for over AUD $1 million; master and two crewmembers fined a total of AUD $100 000 for illegal fishing; Lena forfeited and sunk off the coast of Western Australia in December 2003. Russian flagged vessels Volga and Lena apprehended in February 2002 for fishing illegally in the Heard Island and McDonald Island (HIMI) EEZ; Lena forfeited to the Australian Government; 80 tonnes of catch sold for over AUD $1 million; master and two crewmembers fined a total of AUD $100 000 for illegal fishing; Lena forfeited and sunk off the coast of Western Australia in December 2003. Maya V Apprehended for alleged illegal fishing in the Australian EEZ in January 2004. Vessel forfeited and sold by the Australian Government. 191 tonnes of Patagonian toothfish forfeited and sold for more than AUD$2 million. Maya V Apprehended for alleged illegal fishing in the Australian EEZ in January 2004. Vessel forfeited and sold by the Australian Government. 191 tonnes of Patagonian toothfish forfeited and sold for more than AUD$2 million. June 2004 the Apache was found illegally fishing in the French EEZ around Kerguelen: subsequently impounded and the captain and crew fined June 2004 the Apache was found illegally fishing in the French EEZ around Kerguelen: subsequently impounded and the captain and crew fined Elqui arrested in March 2005 for illegal fishing for toothfish in South Georgia; vessel forfeited to the Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI); scuttled at Shag Rocks, October 2005. Elqui arrested in March 2005 for illegal fishing for toothfish in South Georgia; vessel forfeited to the Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI); scuttled at Shag Rocks, October 2005.

15. 15 Combination of Actions against IUU fishing in the Antarctic CCAMLR – International cooperation; legislative action; diplomatic pressure; centralised VMS; CDS; black list CCAMLR – International cooperation; legislative action; diplomatic pressure; centralised VMS; CDS; black list Coastal states actions: New patrol vessels (South Africa, France, Australia) and surveillance systems including SAR: costs 10s of $M. Coastal states actions: New patrol vessels (South Africa, France, Australia) and surveillance systems including SAR: costs 10s of $M. Port state actions Port state actions Import state actions Import state actions Industry actions (e.g. COLTO); research on company actions Industry actions (e.g. COLTO); research on company actions NGO actions (e.g. ISOFISH, retail boycotts; trade analyses) NGO actions (e.g. ISOFISH, retail boycotts; trade analyses) Data analysis to monitor IUU changes and target actions Data analysis to monitor IUU changes and target actions

16. 16 Summary of actions CCAMLR – Trade, monitoring, diplomatic Port States – Restriction on landing Industry- exposure of IUU operators & companies NGOs Publicity, calls for Moratorium, trade analyses CCAMLR flag States – (some) action against vessels Coastal States – Surveillance, patrolling & arrest NCP States – cooperation What has caused the decline? Which action was most important?

17. 17 What is most important in reducing IUU incentive? Lack of fish Lack of fish Exclusion: surveillance and arrests (probability of detection) Exclusion: surveillance and arrests (probability of detection) Exclusion: black lists & industry actions Exclusion: black lists & industry actions CDS & VMS CDS & VMS Diplomatic pressure from CCAMLR on NCP states Diplomatic pressure from CCAMLR on NCP states Port & Flag State actions Port & Flag State actions NGO pressure NGO pressure Broad action on many fronts Broad action on many fronts

18. 18 Challenges with respect to the COBECOS project Non-standard mix of RFMO and coastal state control systems Non-standard mix of RFMO and coastal state control systems Data access Data access What do we want for the project? What do we want for the project? Patrol coverage Patrol coverage Inspection frequency Inspection frequency Vessel operation economics Vessel operation economics VMS data analysis VMS data analysis

19. 19 The End