1. France’s North American Empire

2. Sept 16 Quiz ■ Edmund Morgan refers to the Articles of Confederation period of American history as “The Critical Period.” Write a paragraph that identifies some of the achievements that the American government enjoyed under the Articles of Confederation (1781-1789).

3. France’s North American Empire ■ Why were the French in North America? ■ Sparse settlements ■ Depends upon Native alliances ■ South- Choctaw Indians ■ North- Ohio River Valley (Iroquois) Tribes ■ Poor communication ■ Fortification ■ Pittsburgh, Louisville, Cincinnati

4. France and England at War ■ 1689-1763- Period of constant warfare ■ Virginia expansion ■ Treaty of Lancaster (1744) ■ Lt. Col. George Washington (1754) ■ Fort Duquesne ■ Battle of Jumonville Glen ■Battle of Fort Necessity

6. France and England at War ■ Albany Plan of Union ■ Coordinate colonial defense ■ Levy taxes ■ Regulate Indian affairs ■ Many colonies rejected plan ■ Consequences of failed plan of union

8. The French and Indian War ■ a.k.a. Seven Years War, War for Empire ■ Distinctions of this war: ■ First “world war” ■ North America, Europe, Caribbean, Africa, India, and the Philippine Islands ■ First major war fought in North America ■ Unprecedented size and expense ■ Decisive outcome

9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJv86RpLsVQ Last of the Mohicans, James Fenimore Cooper

10. The French and Indian War: Phase One ■ 1754-1758 ■ French advantage ■ Guerilla warfare ■ Native allies ■ Isolated English settlements ■ War of extermination ■ British response ■ Gen. Edward Braddock ■ Fort Duquesne (1755)

11. French and Indian War: Phase One ■ England blames colonists for military setbacks ■ Gen. Lord Loudoun ■ Colonial resentment and animosity builds ■ William Pitt (turning point of the war) ■ England’s Chief Colonial Minister ■ Reduced British control over colonial militia ■ Placed colonists in leadership positions ■ Invested British treasury ■ Sent thousands of additional troops

12. French and Indian War: Phase Two ■ 1758-1760 ■ French reign in guerrilla warfare ■ Force Indians to fight like Europeans ■ Many tribes switch allegiances ■ Iroquois ■ Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Quebec) ■ Sept. 13, 1759 ■ Battle of Quiberon Bay (Nov. 1759) ■ Fall of Montreal (1760) ■ New France surrenders

13. French and Indian War’s Significance ■ England dominant N. American power ■ American colonists resent British control ■ War bankrupts British treasury ■ Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Revenue Act ■ Proclamation Line of 1763 ■ A major cause of the American Revolution