1. Chapter 5 DESCRIBING DATA WITH Z-SCORES AND THE NORMAL CURVE

2. Going Forward Your goals in this chapter are to learn: What a z-score is What a z-distribution is and how it indicates a score’s relative standing How the standard normal curve is used with z-scores to determine relative frequency, simple frequency, and percentile What the sampling distribution of means is and what the standard error of the mean is How to compute z-scores for sample means and then determine their relative frequency

3. Understanding z-Scores

4. A Frequency Distribution

5. z-Scores A z-score is a location on the distribution A z-score automatically communicates its distance from the mean A z-score indicates how far a raw score is above or below the mean when measured in standard deviations

6. z-Score Formula The formula for transforming a raw score into a z-score is

7. Computing a Raw Score When a z-score and the associated and are known, this information can be used to calculate the original raw score. The formula for this is

8. Using the z-Distribution to Interpret Scores

9. A z-Distribution A z-distribution is the distribution produced by transforming all raw scores in the data into z- scores.

10. z-Distribution of Attractiveness Scores

11. Characteristics of the z-Distribution 1.A z-distribution always has the same shape as the raw score distribution 2.The mean of any z-distribution is 0 3.The standard deviation of any z-distribution is 1

12. Using the z-Distribution to Compare Different Variables

13. Comparison of Distributions

14. Using the z-Distribution to Compute Relative Frequency

15. Relative Frequency The relative frequency of a particular z-score will be the same on all normal z-distributions Relative frequency can be computed using the proportion of the total area under the curve

16. The Standard Normal Curve The standard normal curve is a perfect normal z-distribution that serves as our model of any approximately normal z-distribution.

17. Area Under the Standard Normal Curve

18. Using the z-Table

19. Using z-Scores to Describe Sample Means

20. Sampling Distribution of Means A frequency distribution of all possible sample means occurring when an infinite number of samples of the same size N are selected from one raw score distribution is called the sampling distribution of means.

21. Central Limit Theorem The central limit theorem tells us 1.A sampling distribution is always an approximately normal distribution 2.The mean of the sampling distribution equals the mean of the underlying raw score population used to create the sampling distribution 3.The standard deviation of the sampling distribution is mathematically related to the standard deviation of the raw score population

22. Standard Error of the Mean The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means is called the standard error of the mean. The formula for the true standard error of the mean is

23. z-Score Formula for a Sample Mean The formula for computing a z-score for a sample mean is

24. Example Using the following data set, what is the z-score for a raw score of 13? What is the raw score for a z-score of -2? 14 13151115 131012131413 14151714 15

25. Example z-Score We know (from prior chapters) and for these data.

26. Example Raw Score from a z-Score We know (from prior chapters) and for these data.

27. Example z-Score for a Sample Mean We know.. If m = 12 and = 2.5, what is the z-score for this sample mean?