1. The Periodic Table of Elements

2. Periodic  Periodic Law  Periodic Table
Something periodic occurs at regular or at least generally predictable intervals
Periodic law - physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
Periodic Table of Elements – a table of the elements, arranged by atomic number, that shows the patterns in their properties; based on the periodic law
Can you think of anything that is periodic?

3. Element
A pure substance made up of one kind of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
90 occur naturally on earth
25 were synthesized (made) by scientists
Element Song

4. Dmitri Mendeleev
In the 1860’s he devised a periodic table where the elements were ordered by their atomic masses
He did this by grouping elements together according to their similarities
Draft of Mendeleev's Periodic Table
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5. Mendeleev’s Published Periodic Table of Elements
Why do you think there are question marks here?
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6. Mendeleev’s Predictions
Although Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Elements had missing elements or “gaps,” he was able to predict the characteristics of these missing elements because of Periodic Law.
“Ekasilicon”
Germanium
Notice how Mendeleev’s
predictions (orange column) were very
accurate when compared to Germanium’s actual characteristics (green column)
Date Predicted
1871
Date Discovered
1886
Atomic Mass 72
72.6
Density
5.5 g/cm3
5.47 g/cm3
Bonding Power 4
Color
Dark Gray
Grayish White

7. Henry Moseley Sample X-ray Spectra
In 1914, his work led to a revision of the periodic table by rearranging the elements by their atomic numbers
He concluded that the number of protons in an atom is its atomic number
Sample X-ray Spectra
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8. Using the Periodic Table
The boxes that make up the periodic table contain a significant amount of information. To understand this information, it is necessary to refer to the periodic table’s key(s) 8 O
Oxygen
15.999
Atomic Number
(Number of protons)
Element Symbol
(Written with a capital letter or a capital followed by a lower case if two letters )
Element Name
Atomic Mass
(Rounded to a whole number, equals
the number of protons and neutrons)
Class
Color
Metal
Non-Metal
Metalloid
State
Room Temp.)
Symbol Color
Solid
Liquid
Gas
What is Oxygen’s physical state of matter?
Which class does Oxygen fall into?

9. 3 Classes of Elements
Using this as a guide, color code your periodic table to show the three classes. Start by highlighting the “zig-zag.”
Class
Color
Metal
Non-Metal
Metalloid

10. What metal is not a solid
Metals
Location
Found on the left of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table (exception  Hydrogen)
Chemical Properties
Have few electrons in their outer energy level, thus lose electrons easily
Physical Properties
ductile, good conductors, malleable, shiny, most are room temperature 79 Au 11 Na
22.990
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What metal is not a solid
@ room temperature?

11. Atoms with Few Electrons in their Outer Energy Level11 Na
22.990
Notice: only 1 electron in outer level + - + - 4 Be
9.012
Notice: only 2 electrons in outer level

12. Non-Metals
Location
Most found to the right of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table
Chemical Properties
Most have almost full outer energy levels, thus they tend to gain electrons; some have completely full outer level
Physical Properties
not ductile or malleable, not shiny, poor conductors, most are solid, but some are gas at room temperature 17 Cl
35.453
Image taken from: 16 S
32.066
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13. Atoms with Full or Almost Full Outer Energy Level+ - 8 O
15.999
    + -
Notice: 2 electrons in outer level – FULL 2 He
4.003 + -
Notice: 6 electrons in outer level – almost full
Notice: 7 electrons in outer level – almost full 9 F
18.998

14. Metalloids
Location
Border the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table
Chemical Properties
Most atoms have ½ (≈) complete set of electrons in outer level
Physical Properties
have properties of both metals and non-metals 14 Si
28.086
Image taken from: 5 B
10.811
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15. Atoms with ½ (≈) Complete Outer Energy Level+ -
Notice: only 4 electrons in outer level
                    5 B
10.811 + -
Notice: only 3 electrons in outer level 14 Si
28.086

16. Group (Family) Names Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Noble Gases
Boron Group
Carbon Group
Nitrogen Group
Oxygen Group
Halogens
Transition Metals

17. Period and Groups
When a column goes from top to bottom, it's called a group. The elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer orbital (Valence).
When you look at a periodic table, each of the rows is considered to be a different period

18. Families on the Periodic Table
Elements on the periodic table can be grouped into families bases on their chemical properties.
Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table.
Elements in each family
react differently with
other elements.

19. ALKALI METALS Group 1 Hydrogen is not a member, it is a non-metal
1 electron in the outer shell
Soft and silvery metals
Very reactive, esp. with water
Conduct electricity
Color Light Blue
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20. ALKALINE EARTH METALS Group 2 2 electrons in the outer shell
White and malleable
Reactive, but less than Alkali metals
Conduct electricity
Color Dark Green

21. TRANSITION METALS Groups 3- 12
Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Some are used for jewelry.
The transition metals are able to put up to 32 electrons in their second to last shell.
Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes.
Color Dark Blue

22. BORON FAMILY Group 13 3 electrons in the outer shell Most are metals
Boron is a metalloid
Color Red

23. CARBON FAMILY Group 14 4 electrons in the outer shell
Contains metals, metalloids, and a non-metal Carbon (C)
Color Yellow

24. NITROGEN FAMILY Group 15 5 electrons in the outer shell
Can share electrons to form compounds
Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals
Color Bright Green

25. OXYGEN FAMILY Group 16 6 electrons in the outer shell
Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals
Reactive
Color ORANGE

26. Halogens Group 17 7 electrons in the outer shell All are non-metals
Very reactive are often bonded with elements from Group 1
Color Yellow

27. Noble Gases Group 18 Exist as gases Non-metals
8 electrons in the outer shell = Full
Helium (He) has only 2 electrons in the outer shell = Full
Not reactive with other elements
Color Grey

28. Rare Earth Metals Some are Radioactive
The rare earths are silver, silvery-white, or gray metals.
Conduct electricity
Color Violet