1. Chapter 14: Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation

2. Overview

3. Key Terms aorta endothelium vasomotor arteriole pulse vein
artery sinusoid vena cava
baroreceptor sphygmomanometer vasodilation
capillary valve venule
compliance vasoconstriction
elasticity venous sinus

4. The Vascular System
A closed system of vessels that transports blood to and from the lungs and body tissues

5. Figure 14-1 The cardiovascular system.
Which vessels carry blood
away from the heart?
Which carry blood toward
the heart?

6. Overview of Blood Vessels
Learning Outcomes
Differentiate among the five types of blood vessels with regard to structure and function.
Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits relative to location and function.

7. Overview of Blood Vessels
Blood Vessel Types
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

8. Figure 14-2 Sections of small blood vessels.
Which vessels have valves that control blood flow? 8

9. Overview of Blood Vessels
Blood Circuits
The pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary artery and its branches
Capillaries in lungs
Pulmonary veins
The systemic circuit
Aorta
Systemic capillaries
Systemic veins

10. Figure 14-1 The cardiovascular system.
Which vessels carry blood
away from the heart?
Which carry blood toward
the heart?

11. Overview of Blood Vessels
Vessel Structure
Three tunics (coats) of arteries and veins
Inner (endothelium)
Middle (smooth [voluntary] muscle)
Controlled by autonomic nervous system
Thinner in veins
Outer (supporting connective tissue)

12. Figure 14-3 Cross section of an artery and vein.
Which type of vessel shown has a thicker wall? 12

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14. Overview of Blood Vessels✓
Overview of Blood Vessels
Checkpoints 14-1 What are the five types of blood vessels? 14-2 What are the two blood circuits and what areas does each serve? 14-3 What type of tissue makes up the middle tunic of arteries and veins, and how is this tissue controlled? 14-4 How many cell layers make up the wall of a capillary? 14

15. Systemic Arteries Learning Outcomes
Name the four sections of the aorta and list the main branches of each section.
Trace the pathway of blood through the main arteries of the upper and lower limbs.
Define anastomosis, cite its function, and give several examples.

16. Systemic Arteries The Aorta Largest artery
Receives blood from left ventricle
Branches to all organs
Parts of the Aorta
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta

17. Systemic Arteries Branches of the Ascending Aorta and Aortic Arch
Left and right coronary arteries
Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic artery
Right subclavian artery
Right common carotid artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

18. Systemic Arteries Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
Branches to chest wall, esophagus, and bronchi
Intercostal arteries

19. Systemic Arteries Branches of the Abdominal Aorta Celiac trunk
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Hepatic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

20. Systemic Arteries Branches of the Abdominal Aorta (continued)
Paired lateral branches
Phrenic arteries
Suprarenal arteries
Renal arteries
Ovarian and testicular arteries
Lumbar arteries

21. Figure 14-4 The aorta and its branches.
How many brachiocephalic
arteries are there? 21

22. Systemic Arteries Arteries to the Pelvis and Leg
Internal iliac arteries
External iliac arteries
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Tibial arteries
Dorsalis pedis

23. Systemic Arteries Arteries That Branch to the Arm and Head
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Vertebral artery
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Ulnar artery

24. Figure 14-5 Principal systemic arteries.
What large vessels
branch from the
terminal aorta? 24

25. Systemic Arteries Anastomoses A communication between two vessels
Examples
Circle of Willis
Superficial palmar arch
Mesenteric arches
Arterial arches

26. Figure 14-6 Arteries that supply the brain.26

27. ✓
Systemic Arteries
Checkpoints 14-5 What are the subdivisions of the aorta, the largest artery? 14-6 What are the three branches of the aortic arch? 14-7 What areas are supplied by the brachiocephalic artery? 14-8 What is an anastomosis? 27

28. Systemic Veins Learning Outcomes
Compare superficial and deep veins and give examples of each type.
Name the main vessels that drain into the superior and inferior venae cavae.
Define venous sinus and give several examples of venous sinuses.
Describe the structure and function of the hepatic portal system.

29. Systemic Veins Superficial veins
Cephalic, basilic, median cubital veins
Saphenous veins
Deep veins
Femoral and iliac vessels
Brachial, axillary, subclavian vessels
Jugular veins
Brachiocephalic vein

30. Systemic Veins The Venae Cavae and Their Tributaries
Superior vena cava
Head, neck, upper extremities
Azygos vein
Chest wall
Inferior vena cava
Right, left veins from paired parts, organs
Unpaired veins from spleen, digestive tract

31. Figure 14-7 Principal systemic veins.
How many brachiocephalic
veins are there? 31

32. Systemic veins Venous Sinuses Coronary sinus Cranial venous sinuses
Cavernous sinuses
Petrosal sinuses
Superior sagittal sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Transverse sinuses (lateral sinuses)

33. Systemic Veins The Hepatic Portal System
Carries blood from abdominal organs to liver
Superior mesenteric vein
Splenic vein
Gastric, pancreatic, inferior mesenteric veins
Sinusoids

34. Figure 14-8 Hepatic portal system.
What vessel do the hepatic veins drain into? 34

35. ✓
Systemic Veins
Checkpoints 14-9 What is the difference between superficial and deep veins? What two large veins drain the systemic blood vessels and empty into the right atrium? What is a venous sinus? The hepatic portal system takes blood from the abdominal organs to which organ? 35

36. Circulation Physiology
Learning Outcomes
Explain the forces that affect exchange across the capillary wall.
Describe the factors that regulate blood flow.
Define pulse and list factors that affect pulse rate.

37. Circulation Physiology
Blood exchanges oxygen, carbon dioxide, other substances generated by cells
Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) is exchange medium

38. Circulation Physiology
Capillary Exchange
How substances move between cells and capillary blood
Diffusion
Main process
Blood pressure
Moves material into tissue fluid
Osmotic pressure
Moves material into capillaries

39. Figure 14-9 The role of capillaries.39

40. Circulation Physiology
The Dynamics of Blood Flow
Vasomotor center in medulla regulates vasomotor activities
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Precapillary sphincter

41. Circulation Physiology
Return of Blood to the Heart
Mechanisms that promote blood’s return to heart
Contraction of skeletal muscles
Valves
Breathing

42. Figure Blood return.
Which of the two valves shown is closer to the heart? 42

43. Circulation Physiology✓
Circulation Physiology
Checkpoints What force helps to push materials out of a capillary? What force helps to draw materials into a capillary? Name the two types of vasomotor changes Where are vasomotor activities regulated? 43

44. Circulation Physiology
The Pulse
Ventricular contraction
Wave of increased pressure
Begins at heart and travels to arteries

45. Circulation Physiology
The Pulse (continued)
Influenced by various factors
Body size
Gender
Age
Muscular activity
Emotion
Body temperature
Thyroid secretion

46. Circulation Physiology
Learning Outcomes
List the factors that affect blood pressure.
Explain how blood pressure is commonly measured.

47. Circulation Physiology
Blood Pressure
Force exerted by blood against vessel walls
Determined by
Cardiac output
Blood vessel resistance to blood flow

48. Figure 14-11 Blood pressure.
In which vessels does the pulse pressure drop to zero? 48

49. Cardiac Output Volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle in
one minute
Heart rate
Beats per minute
Stroke volume
Controlled by force of contractions

50. Circulation Physiology
Resistance to Blood Flow
Peripheral resistance is affected by
Vasomotor changes
Baroreceptors in large arteries
Elasticity of blood vessels
Viscosity
Total blood volume

51. Circulation Physiology
Blood Pressure Measurement
Pressure is measured in the brachial arm artery using a sphygmomanometer.
Systolic pressure
Occurs during heart contraction
Normal systolic: 120 mmHg
Diastolic pressure
Occurs during heart relaxation
Normal diastolic: 80 mmHg

52. Figure 14-12 Measurement of blood pressure.52

53. Circulation Physiology✓
Circulation Physiology
Checkpoints What is the definition of pulse? What is the definition of blood pressure? What is the most significant factor in determination of peripheral resistance? What two components of blood pressure are measured? 53

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55. Case Study Learning Outcome
Referring to the case study, trace the pathway of an embolus from the femoral vein to the pulmonary artery. 55

56. Case Study
Pathway of an Embolus From the Femoral Vein to the Pulmonary Artery Femoral vein  External iliac vein  Common iliac vein  Inferior vena cava  Right atrium  Right ventricle  Pulmonary trunk  Pulmonary arteries

57. Word Anatomy Learning Outcome
Show how word parts are used to build words related to the blood vessels and circulation. 57

58. Word Anatomy Word Part Meaning Example brachi/o arm
The brachiocephalic artery supplies blood to the arm and head on the right side.
celi/o
abdomen
The celiac trunk branches to supply blood to the abdominal organs.
enter/o
intestine
The mesenteric arteries supply blood to the intestines.
phren/o
diaphragm
The phrenic artery supplies blood to the diaphragm.
bar/o
pressure
A baroreceptor responds to changes in pressure.
sphygm/o
pulse
A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure.

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