1. Atmospheric Water Goals for today –Review Exercise 1 –Define measures of water vapor in air –Define vapor pressure and its relation with temperature –Water vapor in an atmospheric column –Computation of precipitable water –Patterns of water vapor and precipitable water in space and time Reading for Tues – Applied Hydrology Sec 3.3 and 3.4 on rainfall and precipitation

2. Energy fluxes, July 2003

3. Energy flux components, July 2003 Daily average values

4. Energy fluxes, Jan 2003

5. Energy flux comparison January, 2003 July, 2003 Daily average values

6. Water vapor Suppose we have an elementary volume of atmosphere dV and we want quantify how much water vapor it contains Atmospheric gases: Nitrogen – 78.1% Oxygen – 20.9% Other gases ~ 1% http://www.bambooweb.com/articles/e/a/Earth's_atmosphere.html dV m a = mass of moist air m v = mass of water vapor Water vapor density Air density

7. Specific Humidity, q v Specific humidity measures the mass of water vapor per unit mass of moist air It is dimensionless

8. Vapor pressure, e Vapor pressure, e, is the pressure that water vapor exerts on a surface Air pressure, p, is the total pressure that air makes on a surface Ideal gas law relates pressure to absolute temperature T, R v is the gas constant for water vapor 0.622 is ratio of mol. wt. of water vapor to avg mol. wt. of dry air

9. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures John Dalton studied the effect of gases in a mixture. He observed that the Total Pressure of a gas mixture was the sum of the Partial Pressure of each gas. P total = P1 + P2 + P3 +.......Pn The Partial Pressure is defined as the pressure of a single gas in the mixture as if that gas alone occupied the container. In other words, Dalton maintained that since there was an enormous amount of space between the gas molecules within the mixture that the gas molecules did not have any influence on the motion of other gas molecules, therefore the pressure of a gas sample would be the same whether it was the only gas in the container or if it were among other gases. http://members.aol.com/profchm/dalton.html

10. Saturation vapor pressure, e s Saturation vapor pressure occurs when air is holding all the water vapor that it can at a given air temperature Vapor pressure is measured in Pascals (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m 2 1 kPa = 1000 Pa

11. Relative humidity, R h eses e Relative humidity measures the percent of the saturation water content of the air that it currently holds (0 – 100%)

12. Dewpoint Temperature, T d e Dewpoint temperature is the air temperature at which the air would be saturated with its current vapor content T TdTd

13. Water vapor in an air column We have three equations describing column: –Hydrostatic air pressure, dp/dz = -  a g –Lapse rate of temperature, dT/dz = -  –Ideal gas law, p =  a R a T Combine them and integrate over column to get pressure variation elevation Column Element, dz 1 2

14. Precipitable Water In an element dz, the mass of water vapor is dm p Integrate over the whole atmospheric column to get precipitable water,m p m p /A gives precipitable water per unit area in kg/m 2 Column Element, dz 1 2 Area = A

15. Precipitable Water, Jan 2003

16. Precipitable Water, July 2003

17. January July