1. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves C h a p t e r
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. The Brain Cerebrum Largest part of brain
Controls higher mental functions
Divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
Surface layer of gray matter (neural cortex)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3. The Brain Cerebellum Second largest part of brain
Coordinates repetitive body movements
Two hemispheres
Covered with cerebellar cortex
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

4. The Brain Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland
Relays and processes sensory information
Hypothalamus
Hormone production
Emotion
Autonomic function
Pituitary gland
Major endocrine gland
Connected to hypothalamus
Via infundibulum (stalk)
Interfaces nervous and endocrine systems
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

5. The Brain The Brain Stem Processes information between Includes
Spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum
Includes
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

6. The Brain The Brain Stem Mesencephalon Pons Also called midbrain
Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes
Maintains consciousness
Pons
Connects cerebellum to brain stem
Is involved in somatic and visceral motor control
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7. The Brain The Brain Stem Medulla oblongata
Connects brain to spinal cord
Relays information
Regulates autonomic functions:
heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

8. The Brain
The brain is a large, delicate mass of neural tissue containing internal passageways and chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Each of the six major brain regions has specific functions
Ascending from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, brain functions become more complex and variable
Conscious thought and intelligence are produced in the neural cortex of the cerebral hemispheres
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

9. The Medulla Oblongata The Medulla Oblongata
Allows brain and spinal cord to communicate
Coordinates complex autonomic reflexes
Controls visceral functions
Nuclei in the Medulla
Autonomic nuclei: control visceral activities
Sensory and motor nuclei: of cranial nerves
Relay stations: along sensory and motor pathways
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

10. The Medulla Oblongata Figure 14–5a The Diencephalon and Brain Stem.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

11. The Medulla Oblongata Figure 14–5b The Diencephalon and Brain Stem.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

12. The Medulla Oblongata Figure 14–5c The Diencephalon and Brain Stem.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

13. The Medulla Oblongata Autonomic Nuclei of the Medulla Oblongata
Reticular formation
Gray matter with embedded nuclei
Regulates autonomic functions
Reflex centers
Control peripheral systems:
cardiovascular centers:
cardiac center
control blood flow through peripheral tissues
respiratory rhythmicity centers
sets pace for respiratory movements
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

14. The Medulla Oblongata
Sensory and Motor Nuclei of the Medulla Oblongata
Associated with 5 of 12 cranial nerves (VIII, IX, X, XI, XII)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15. The Medulla Oblongata Figure 14–6a The Medulla Oblongata and Pons.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

16. The Medulla Oblongata Figure 14–6b The Medulla Oblongata and Pons.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

17. The Pons
The Pons
Links cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

18. The Pons The Pons Nuclei involved with respiration Nuclei and tracts
Apneustic center and pneumotaxic center:
modify respiratory rhythmicity center activity
Nuclei and tracts
Process and relay information to and from cerebellum
Ascending, descending, and transverse tracts:
transverse fibers (axons):
link nuclei of pons with opposite cerebellar hemisphere
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

19. The Pons Figure 14–6a The Medulla Oblongata and Pons.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20. The Pons Figure 14–6b The Medulla Oblongata and Pons.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

21. The Pons Figure 14–6c The Medulla Oblongata and Pons.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

22. The Pons
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

23. The Pons
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

24. The Cerebellum Functions of the Cerebellum Adjusts postural muscles
Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious movements
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

25. The Cerebellum Structures of the Cerebellum Folia
Surface of cerebellum
Highly folded neural cortex
Anterior and posterior lobes
Separated by primary fissure
Cerebellar hemispheres:
Separated at midline by vermis
Vermis
Narrow band of cortex
Flocculonodular lobe
Below fourth ventricle
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

26. The Cerebellum Structures of the Cerebellum Purkinje cells Arbor vitae
Large, branched cells
Found in cerebellar cortex
Receive input from up to 200,000 synapses
Arbor vitae
Highly branched, internal white matter of cerebellum
Cerebellar nuclei: embedded in arbor vitae:
relay information to Purkinje cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

27. The Cerebellum Structures of the Cerebellum The peduncles
Tracts link cerebellum with brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord:
superior cerebellar peduncles
middle cerebellar peduncles
inferior cerebellar peduncles
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

28. The Cerebellum Disorders of the Cerebellum Ataxia
Damage from trauma or stroke
Intoxication (temporary impairment)
Disturbs muscle coordination
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

29. The Cerebellum Figure 14–7a The Cerebellum.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

30. The Cerebellum Figure 14–7b The Cerebellum.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

31. The Cerebellum
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

32. The Mesencephalon Structures of the Mesencephalon Tectum
Two pairs of sensory nuclei (corpora quadrigemina):
superior colliculus (visual)
inferior colliculus (auditory)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

33. The Mesencephalon Structures of the Mesencephalon Cerebral peduncles
Nerve fiber bundles on ventrolateral surfaces
Contain:
descending fibers to cerebellum
motor command fibers
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

34. The Mesencephalon Figure 14–8a The Mesencephalon.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

35. The Mesencephalon Figure 14–8b The Mesencephalon.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

36. The Mesencephalon
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

37. The Diencephalon Integrates sensory information and motor commands
Thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus
The pineal gland
Found in posterior epithalamus
Secretes hormone melatonin
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

38. The Diencephalon The Thalamus
Filters ascending sensory information for primary sensory cortex
Relays information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
The third ventricle
Separates left thalamus and right thalamus
Interthalamic adhesion (or intermediate mass):
projection of gray matter
extends into ventricle from each side
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

39. The Diencephalon Figure 14–9 The Thalamus.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

40. The Diencephalon Figure 14–9a The Thalamus.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

41. The Diencephalon Figure 14–10a The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

42. The Diencephalon Figure 14–10b The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

43. The Diencephalon Eight Functions of the Hypothalamus
Provides subconscious control of skeletal muscle
Controls autonomic function
Coordinates activities of nervous and endocrine systems
Secretes hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by supraoptic nucleus
Oxytocin (OT; OXT) by paraventricular nucleus
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

44. The Diencephalon Eight Functions of the Hypothalamus
Produces emotions and behavioral drives
The feeding center (hunger)
The thirst center (thirst)
Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
Regulates body temperature
Preoptic area of hypothalamus
Controls circadian rhythms (day–night cycles)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

45. The Diencephalon
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

46. The Cerebrum The Cerebrum Is the largest part of the brain
Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions
Processes somatic sensory and motor information
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

47. The Cerebrum Figure 14–12a The Brain in Lateral View.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

48. The Cerebrum Figure 14–12b The Brain in Lateral View.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

49. The Cerebrum Figure 14–12c The Brain in Lateral View.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

50. The Cerebrum Three Functional Principles of the Cerebrum
Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body
The two hemispheres have different functions, although their structures are alike
Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

51. The Cerebrum Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex
Central sulcus separates motor and sensory areas
Motor areas
Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe:
directs voluntary movements
Primary motor cortex:
is the surface of precentral gyrus
Pyramidal cells:
are neurons of primary motor cortex
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

52. The Cerebrum Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex Sensory areas
Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe:
receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature)
Primary sensory cortex:
surface of postcentral gyrus
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

53. The Cerebrum Special Sensory Cortexes Visual cortex Auditory cortex
Information from sight receptors
Auditory cortex
Information from sound receptors
Olfactory cortex
Information from odor receptors
Gustatory cortex
Information from taste receptors
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

54. The Cerebrum
Figure 14–15a Motor and Sensory Regions of the Cerebral Cortex.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

55. The Cerebrum Association Areas Sensory association areas
Monitor and interpret arriving information at sensory areas of cortex
Somatic motor association area (premotor cortex)
Coordinates motor responses (learned movements)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

56. The Cerebrum Sensory Association Areas
Somatic sensory association area
Interprets input to primary sensory cortex (e.g., recognizes and responds to touch)
Visual association area
Interprets activity in visual cortex
Auditory association area
Monitors auditory cortex
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

57. The Cerebrum Integrative Centers
Are located in lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres
Receive information from association areas
Direct complex motor or analytical activities
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

58. The Cerebrum General Interpretive Area Also called Wernicke area
Present in only one hemisphere
Receives information from all sensory association areas
Coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

59. The Cerebrum Other Integrative Areas Speech center
Is associated with general interpretive area
Coordinates all vocalization functions
Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe
Integrates information from sensory association areas
Performs abstract intellectual activities (e.g., predicting consequences of actions)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

60. The Cerebrum
Figure 14–15b Motor and Sensory Regions of the Cerebral Cortex.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

61. The Cerebrum Interpretive Areas of Cortex Brodmann areas
Patterns of cellular organization in cerebral cortex
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

62. The Cerebrum
Figure 14–15c Motor and Sensory Regions of the Cerebral Cortex.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

63. The Cerebrum
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

64. The Cerebrum Hemispheric Lateralization
Functional differences between left and right hemispheres
Each cerebral hemisphere performs certain functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

65. The Cerebrum The Left Hemisphere The Right Hemisphere
In most people, left brain (dominant hemisphere) controls
Reading, writing, and math
Decision making
Speech and language
The Right Hemisphere
Right cerebral hemisphere relates to
Senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel)
Recognition (faces, voice inflections)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

66. The Cerebrum Figure 14–16 Hemispheric Lateralization.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings