2. Pitch changes result from changing the length and tension of the vocal folds The pitch you produce is based on the number of cycles per second Hertz (Hz) = cycles/second

3. Loudness changes result from increasing the length of time that the vocal folds are closed This allows for increased subglottal pressure Laryngeal musculature compresses medially, & larger subglottal pressure is needed to initiate vibration of the vocal folds Doesn’t always change how far the vocal folds move, but affects how the vocal folds come together Softer voice = softer impact Louder voice = harder impact In class DVD example

4. 3 Types: Pharyngeal Oral Nasal Zemlin, pg 32.

5. Length: Women: 14.7 cm Men: 17.5 cm Children: 8.75 cm Can be thought of as a system of tubes Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

6. The vocal folds create the fundamental frequency (“pitch”) The vocal tract gives us formants (resonances) Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

7. Remember from the hearing section: Enhancement of the intensity of a particular frequency component(s) with respect to the intensity of the other components that occurs when its frequency equals or is close to the natural frequency of vibration of an object. Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

8. Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production. (top image) Quarter wavelength resonator 4 x length of vocal tract = wavelength of the formant

9. Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production. (top image) λ = c/f f = c/ λ λ = wavelength c = 340 m/s f = frequency F n = (2n-1)(c/4L) F = formant n = formant number L = vocal tract length

10. As the vocal tract lengthens, the formant frequencies decrease Shortening leads to formant frequency increase Lengthening: lower larynx and/or lip rounding Shortening: raising larynx and/or lip retracting

11. For nasal sounds (m, n, ng) and nasalized vowels, the soft palate is lowered Allows air to enter the nasal cavity This adds an extra formant Usually between 300-500 Hz