1. CGI

2. CGI Programming What is "CGI"? –Common Gateway Interface A means of running an executable program via the Web. CGI is not a Perl-specific concept. Almost any language can produce CGI programs –even C++ (gasp!!) However, Perl does have a *very* nice interface to creating CGI methods

3. Common Gateway Interface User selects page that will be provided by a CGI application Server recognizes dynamic page –By extension (usually.cgi) –By location Server spawns the app –Passes message body via stdin –HTTP header info available in environment variables App passes HTML page back to server via stdout Server sends page back to user

4. CGI Advantages –Original approach (substantial installed base) –Use any language compatible with or available on the server –Many free CGI scripts (www.cgidir.com)www.cgidir.com Disadvantages –Overhead of spawning/killing the app repeatedly –Concurrent hits on page cause multiple parallel copies of the app in memory file sharing, etc. –Many CGI scripts use slow interpreted languages Many use PERL

5. Web Server Architecture Client CGI program stdin stdout http Socket Queue connect newSkt Web Server // Server pseudo code // Create Socket Queue // Create Thread pool while(1) { newSkt = accept(…) EnQ(newSkt) } // Thread pseudo code while(1) { newSkt = DeQ() // Communicate // using HTTP }

6. GET vs. POST POST /path/script.cgi HTTP/1.0 From: frog@jmarshall.com User-Agent: HTTPTool/1.0 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 32 home=Cosby&favorite+flavor=flies GET /path/file.html?n=v HTTP/1.1 Host: www.host1.com:80 [blank line here]

7. CGI & Parameters All input to a CGI program comes from: –EnvironmentHTTP headers –stdinMessage Body Get –Query string - Everything after the ? Goes in environment variable QUERY_STRING POST –All data comes in the message body via stdin - just read and parse appropriately

8. Launching CGI void LaunchCGI { //create pipes fork() if (child) { //allocate and setup the environment variable array //fill env array with HTTP headers //format HEADER_NAME=header value //use dup2 to duplicate the pipes onto stdin & stdout exec } else { // Write the body of the HTTP message on the child’s stdin pipe // Read the headers sent back on the child’s stdout pipe // Parse out the Content-Length // Send the appropriate response line // Forward the headers on to the client on the socket // Read Content-Length bytes from child’s stdout pipe // Write Content-Length bytes to client on socket // close the pipes // wait on the child – waitpid // close the socket } void LaunchCGI { //create pipes fork() if (child) { //allocate and setup the environment variable array //fill env array with HTTP headers //format HEADER_NAME=header value //use dup2 to duplicate the pipes onto stdin & stdout exec } else { // Write the body of the HTTP message on the child’s stdin pipe // Read the headers sent back on the child’s stdout pipe // Parse out the Content-Length // Send the appropriate response line // Forward the headers on to the client on the socket // Read Content-Length bytes from child’s stdout pipe // Write Content-Length bytes to client on socket // close the pipes // wait on the child – waitpid // close the socket }

9. Forms –Most (not all) CGI scripts are contacted through the use of HTML forms. –A form is an area of a web page in which the user can enter data, and have that data submitted to another page. –When user hits a submit button on the form, the web browser contacts the script specified in the form tag.

10. Creating a Form... Method attribute specifies how parameters are passed –"post" means they’re passed in the HTTP header and message body (and therefore aren’t seen on the browser address bar). –"get" means they’re passed through the query string of the URL itself, and therefore seen in the address bar in the web browser (given to CGI program in the QUERY_STRING header). –Action attribute specifies which program you want the web browser to contact. – is a tag used to accept User data. –type="submit" specifies a Submit button. When user clicks this button, browser contacts file specified in action attribute.

11. Form Input Types –Many different ways of getting data from user. Most specified by tag, type specified by type attribute textfield a text box checkbox a check box radio a Radio button password password field (text box, characters display as ******) Hidden - hidden field (nothing displayed in browser) Submit - Submit button. Submits the form Reset - Reset button. Clears form of all data. Button - A button the user can press (usually used w/ javaScript. File - field to upload a file Image - an image user can click to submit form

12. Preserving State in CGI

13. Preserving State HTTP is stateless, but we would like to save and remember state –Shopping cart –Interactive or multipart questionnaire –A search engine that remembers past searches Main techniques –Hidden fields –URL rewriting –Cookies –Session ID

14. Hidden Fields Add hidden input fields to a form – Advantages –Easy Disadvantages –Data is continually sent back and forth –Data is easily readable & changeable –Only available if there is a form

15. URL Rewriting Create links dynamically –Contain information in the url –http://blah.com/page?state=a+b… Advantages –Fairly simple also Disadvantages –If state is complex, must encode –User visible and modifiable

16. Cookies A small piece of information stored on the client machine and returned to the server. Implemented using HTTP headers –Cookie –Set-Cookie 4 K bytes per cookie 20 cookies per server or domain at least

17. Set-Cookie (server side) Set-Cookie: name=value - URL encoded text [;EXPIRES=dateValue] - Wdy, DD-Mon-YY HH:MM:SS GMT [;DOMAIN=domainName] - valid domain name [;PATH=pathName] - path to send cookie [;SECURE] - transmitted only if communication is SSL

18. Cookie (client-side) Cookie: name=value1; name=value2 All cookie name=value pairs that match the current path are sent.

19. Details Browser GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.org Server HTTP/1.0 200 OK Content-type: text/html Set-Cookie: name=value Set-Cookie: name2=value2; Expires=Wed, 09 Jun 2021 10:18:14 GMT Browser GET /spec.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.org Cookie: name=value; name2=value2 Accept: */*

20. Session ID Generate a session ID –use as filename or DB key – store session info –Large random number –Time, PID, etc. Pass the session ID using url rewriting or hidden fields or cookies –More secure because user can only change the session ID and most likely will be wrong Advantages –Good when state is large, complex, or private –Easy using CGI.pm

21. SessionID example $query = new CGI; … open(FILE, “>$sessionID.sav”) || die “…”; $query->save(FILE); close(FILE) $query = new CGI; … open(FILE, “>$sessionID.sav”) || die “…”; $query->save(FILE); close(FILE) $cgi = new CGI; … open(FILE, “$sessionID.sav”) || die “…”; $oldquery = new CGI(FILE); close(FILE) $cgi = new CGI; … open(FILE, “$sessionID.sav”) || die “…”; $oldquery = new CGI(FILE); close(FILE) Note: You can also use a database – We will cover this in the lab